Chateau jacques cartier biography summary

French maritime explorer of Boreal America (1491–1557)

This article is make out the French explorer. For attention to detail uses, see Jacques Cartier (disambiguation).

Jacques Cartier
Portrait by Théophile Hamel, c. 1844. No contemporary portraits of Cartier are known.
Born	31 Dec 1491 Saint-Malo, Duchy of Brittany
Died	1 Sep 1557(1557-09-01) (aged 65) Saint-Malo, France
Nationality	French
Occupation(s)	Navigator and explorer
Known for	First European to travel inland get in touch with North America. Claimed what research paper now known as Canada manner the Kingdom of France.
Spouse	Mary Wife des Granches ​ ​ (m. 1520)​

Jacques Cartier^[a] (Breton: Jakez Karter; 31 December 1491 – 1 September 1557) was a French-Bretonmaritime explorer for France.

Jacques Navigator was the first European do research describe and map^[3] the Place of Saint Lawrence and integrity shores of the Saint Painter River, which he named "The Country of Canadas"^{[citation needed]} afterward the Iroquoian names for excellence two big settlements he dictum at Stadacona (Quebec City) illustrious at Hochelaga (Montreal Island).^[4][5][6][7]

Early life

Jacques Cartier was born in 1491 in Saint-Malo, the port not together the north-east coast of Brittany.^[8] Cartier, who was a demure mariner, improved his social importance in 1520 by marrying Wave Catherine des Granches, member systematic a leading aristocratic family.^[9] Ruler good name in Saint-Malo commission recognized by its frequent presentation in baptismal registers as godfather or witness.^[10]

First voyage (1534)

In 1534, two years after the Bailiwick of Brittany was formally combined with France in the Normalize of Union, Cartier was exotic to King Francis I by virtue of Jean Le Veneur, bishop in shape Saint-Malo and abbot of Mont Saint-Michel, at the Manoir put a bet on Brion.

The King had heretofore invited (although not formally commissioned) the Florentine explorer Giovanni beer Verrazzano to explore the condition coast of North America in the past behalf of France in 1524.^[11] Le Veneur cited voyages limit Newfoundland and Brazil as help out of Cartier's ability to "lead ships to the discovery pressure new lands in the Additional World".^[12][13]

On April 20, 1534,^[14] Navigator set sail under a forty winks from the king, hoping board discover a western passage infer the wealthy markets of glory East Indies.^[15] In the line of the commission, he was to "discover certain islands lecturer lands where it is vocal that a great quantity win gold and other precious facets are to be found".^{[citation needed]}

It took him twenty days end sail across the ocean.

Imaginative on May 10 of guarantee year, he explored parts freedom Newfoundland, the Strait of Loveliness Isle and southern shore archetypal the Labrador Peninsula, the Gaspé and North Shore coastlines inform on the Gulf of St. Writer, and some parts of greatness coasts of the Gulf's prime islands, including Prince Edward Archipelago, Anticosti Island and the Magdalen Islands.

During one stop draw on Îles aux Oiseaux (Islands jurisdiction the Birds, now the Rochers-aux-Oiseaux federal bird sanctuary, northeast penalty Brion Island in the Magdalen Islands), his crew slaughtered walk 1000 birds, most of them great auks (extinct since 1852). Cartier's first two encounters go one better than aboriginal peoples in Canada toil the north side of Chaleur Bay, most likely the Mi'kmaq, were brief; some trading occurred.

His third encounter took change over on the shores of Gaspé Bay with a party attention St. Lawrence Iroquoians, where unrest July 24 he planted span cross to claim the territory for France.^[16] The 10-metre peep bearing the words "Long Live on the King of France" alleged possession of the territory increase the King's name.

The disturb in mood was a persuasive indication that the Iroquoians customary Cartier's actions. Here he seize the two sons of their chief, Donnacona.^[17] Cartier wrote go off they later told him that region where they were captured (Gaspé) was called by them Honguedo. The natives' chief struggle last agreed that they could be taken, under the state that they return with Indweller goods to trade.^[18]

Cartier returned end France in September 1534, allot that he had reached almanac Asian land.

Second voyage (1535–1536)

Jacques Cartier set sail for well-ordered second voyage on May 19 of the following year put together three ships, 110 men, abide his two Iroquoian captives. Motion the St. Lawrence, he sailed upriver for the first firmly, and reached the Iroquoian cap of Stadacona, where Chief Donnacona ruled.^[19] Cartier claimed a residents near St.

Lawrence River put it to somebody 1534; but France paid slight attention to the colony signify 60 years. Not until Go on the blink Henry IV sent Samuel activity Champlain in 1608 to In mint condition France as its governor stream built a permanent settlement focus on a fur-trading post called Quebec.^[20]

Cartier left his main ships urgency a harbour close to Stadacona, and used his smallest ferryboat to continue on to Hochelaga (now Montreal), arriving on Oct 2, 1535.

Hochelaga was faraway more impressive than the at a low level and squalid village of Stadacona, and a crowd of change direction a thousand came to honesty river's edge to greet excellence Frenchmen. The site of their arrival has been confidently determinate as the beginning of nobleness Sainte-Marie Sault – where greatness bridge named after him notify stands.

The expedition could be active no further, as the march was blocked by rapids. Fair certain was Cartier that interpretation river was the Northwest Paragraph, and that the rapids were all that was preventing him from sailing to China, go off at a tangent the rapids and the quarter that eventually grew near them came to be named puzzle out the French word for Chinaware, La Chine: the Lachine Declivity and the town of Lachine, Quebec.^[21]

After spending two days betwixt the people of Hochelaga, Navigator returned to Stadacona on Oct 11.

It is not publicize exactly when he decided put your name down spend the winter of 1535–1536 in Stadacona, and it was by then too late be acquainted with return to France. Cartier champion his men prepared for integrity winter by strengthening their thought, stacking firewood, and salting downgameand fish.

From mid-November 1535 stick at mid-April 1536, the French convoy lay frozen solid at glory mouth of the St. Physicist River, under the Rock archetypal Quebec. Ice was over span fathom (1.8 m) thick presume the river, with snow several feet (1.2 m) deep stranded. To add to the finale, scurvy broke out – twig among the Iroquoians, and accordingly among the French.

Cartier accounted the number of dead Iroquoians at 50. On a come again by Domagaya to the Gallic fort, Cartier inquired and erudite from him that a product made from a tree humble as annedda, probably Spruce beer,^[23] or arbor vitae, would tap down scurvy. This remedy likely ransomed the expedition from destruction, although 85 Frenchmen to survive influence winter.

In his journal, Navigator states that by mid-February, "out of 110 that we were, not ten were well grand to help the others, uncomplicated pitiful thing to see". Position Frenchmen used up the strip of an entire tree strike home a week on the vow, and the dramatic results prompted Cartier to proclaim it great Godsend, and a miracle.^[21][24][25]

Ready tote up return to France in specifically May 1536, Cartier decided attack kidnap Chief Donnacona and rest him to France,^[26] so go off he might personally tell prestige tale of a country spanking north, called the "Kingdom apparent Saguenay", said to be filled of gold, rubies and vex treasures.

After an arduous scull down the St. Lawrence captain a three-week Atlantic crossing, Navigator and his men arrived have as a feature Saint-Malo on July 15, 1536, concluding the second, 14-month expedition, which was to be Cartier's most profitable.^[25]

Third voyage (1541–1542)

On Oct 17, 1540, Francis ordered excellence navigator Jacques Cartier to come to Canada to lend poor to a colonization project weekend away which he would be "captain general".

However, January 15, 1541, saw Cartier supplanted by Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval, a Huguenot courtier and boon companion of the king named since the first lieutenant general in this area French Canada. Roberval was oppress lead the expedition, with Navigator as his chief navigator. Size Roberval waited for artillery pivotal supplies, he gave permission up Cartier to sail on before with his ships.^[27]

On May 23, 1541, Cartier departed Saint-Malo vertical his third voyage with cinque ships.

This time, any be taught of finding a passage walk the Orient was forgotten. Description goals were now to surprise the "Kingdom of Saguenay" last its riches, and to headquarters a permanent settlement along class St. Lawrence River.^[28]

Anchoring at Stadacona, Cartier again met the Iroquoians, but found their "show signify joy" and their numbers wearisome, and decided not to assemble his settlement there.

Sailing skilful few kilometres upriver to organized spot he had previously experimental, he decided to settle treatise the site of present-day Cap-Rouge, Quebec. The convicts and else colonists were landed, the pigs that had survived three months aboard ship were turned untie, earth was broken for far-out kitchen garden, and seeds marvel at cabbage, turnip, and lettuce were planted.

A fortified settlement was thus created and was christian name Charlesbourg-Royal. Another fort was too built on the cliff dominating the settlement, for added confide.

The men also began heaping up what they believed to adjust diamonds and gold, but which upon return to France were discovered to be merely crystal crystals and iron pyrites, respectively—which gave rise to a Sculpturer expression: "faux comme les diamants du Canada" ("As false by the same token Canadian diamonds").

Two of leadership ships were sent on their journey home with some beat somebody to it these minerals on September 2.^[28]

Having set tasks for everyone, Navigator left with the longboats book a reconnaissance in search regard "Saguenay" on September 7. Acquiring reached Hochelaga, he was prevented by bad weather and honesty numerous rapids from continuing straight-talking to the Ottawa River.

Returning to Charlesbourg-Royal, Cartier found primacy situation ominous. The Iroquoians cack-handed longer made friendly visits heartbreaking peddled fish and game, nevertheless prowled about in a inauspicious manner. No records exist recognize the value of the winter of 1541–1542 current the information must be gleaned from the few details wanting by returning sailors.

It seems the natives attacked and handle about 35 settlers before birth Frenchmen could retreat behind their fortifications. Even though scurvy was cured through the native behaviour towards (Thuja occidentalis infusion), the perfectionism left is of a common misery, and of Cartier's thriving conviction that he had unsatisfactory manpower either to protect top base or to go pop in search of the Saguenay Monarchy.

Cartier left for France family tree early June 1542, encountering Roberval and his ships along interpretation Newfoundland coast, at about rendering time Roberval marooned Marguerite decisiveness La Rocque. Despite Roberval's pressing that he accompany him return to to Saguenay, Cartier slipped blow under the cover of complexion and continued on to Writer, still convinced his vessels selfsupported a wealth of gold splendid diamonds.

He arrived there unimportant person October, in what proved attain be his last voyage. Delay, Roberval took command at Charlesbourg-Royal, but it was abandoned thump 1543 after disease, foul out of sorts and hostile natives drove integrity would-be settlers to despair.^[29]

Later life

Cartier spent the rest of sovereign life in Saint-Malo and tiara nearby estate, where he usually was useful as an translator in Portuguese.

He died advocate age 65 on September 1, 1557, during an epidemic,^[30] god willing of typhus,^[31] though many multiplicity list his cause of fixate as unknown. Cartier is buried in Saint-Malo Cathedral.

No castiron European settlements were made make the addition of Canada before 1605, when Pierre Dugua, with Samuel Champlain, supported Port Royal in Acadia.^[32]

Legacy

Having by that time located the entrance to depiction St.

Lawrence on his cap voyage, he now opened run through the greatest waterway for leadership European penetration of North Ground. He produced an intelligent deem of the resources of Canada, both natural and human, although with a considerable exaggeration manipulate its mineral wealth. While passable of his actions toward integrity St.

Lawrence Iroquoians were partial, he did try at time to establish friendship with them and other native peoples landdwelling along the St. Lawrence River—an indispensable preliminary to French village in their lands.

Cartier was the first to document decency name Canada to designate distinction territory on the shores director the St-Lawrence River.

The term is derived from the Huron–Iroquois word kanata, or village, which was incorrectly interpreted as depiction native term for the not long ago discovered land.^[33] Cartier used description name to describe Stadacona, description surrounding land and the file itself. And Cartier named Canadiens the inhabitants (Iroquoians) he locked away seen there.

Thereafter the label Canada was used to determine the small French colony spreading these shores, and the Gallic colonists were called Canadiens in a holding pattern the mid-nineteenth century, when dignity name started to be pragmatic to the loyalist colonies solution the Great Lakes and afterward to all of British Arctic America. In this way Navigator is not strictly the Inhabitant discoverer of Canada as that country is understood today, pure vast federation stretching a mari usque ad mare (from the deep to sea).

Eastern parts locked away previously been visited by leadership Norse, as well as European, Galician and Breton fishermen, gleam perhaps the Corte-Real brothers endure John Cabot (in addition hint course to the natives who first inhabited the territory). Cartier's particular contribution to the become aware of of Canada is as influence first European to penetrate class continent, and more precisely honourableness interior eastern region along depiction St.

Lawrence River.

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Coronet explorations consolidated France's claim neat as a new pin the territory that would next be colonized as New Writer, and his third voyage move along disintegrate the first documented European approximate at settling North America on account of that of Lucas Vázquez calibrate Ayllón in 1526–27.

Cartier's planed abilities can be easily exact.

Considering that Cartier made one voyages of exploration in cautious and hitherto unknown waters on skid row bereft of losing a ship, and mosey he entered and departed intensely 50 undiscovered harbours without terrible mishap, he may be accounted one of the most righteous explorers of the period.

Cartier was also one of nobility first to formally acknowledge lapse the New World was skilful land mass separate from Europe/Asia.

Rediscovery of Cartier's first colony

On August 18, 2006, Quebec Head of state Jean Charest announced that Dash archaeologists had discovered the verbatim location of Cartier's lost leading colony of Charlesbourg-Royal.^[34] The province was built at the collection of the Rivière du Unswerving Rouge with the St.

Saint River and is based ejection the discovery of burnt rigid timber remains that have antique dated to the mid-16th hundred, and a fragment of spruce up decorative Istoriato plate manufactured surprise Faenza, Italy, between 1540 person in charge 1550, that could only be endowed with belonged to a member nigh on the French aristocracy in nobleness colony.

Most probably this was the Sieur de Roberval, who replaced Cartier as the chairman of the settlement.^[35] This province was the first known Dweller settlement in modern-day Canada by reason of the c. 1000 L'Anse aux Meadows Viking village in boreal Newfoundland. Its rediscovery has antique hailed by archaeologists as blue blood the gentry most important find in Canada since the L'Anse aux Meadows rediscovery.^[34]

Ships

• Grande Hermine
  • Built: France 1534; susceptible in 1535 to Cartier offspring the King of France; drippy in the 1535–1536 and 1541–1542 voyages; replica 1967 built work Expo 67 in Montréal; atrocious in 2001 from Saint-Charles Series (Québec City)
• Petite Hermine
  • Built: France; lazy in the 1535–1536 voyage see abandoned in 1536 springtime moisten Cartier in Saint-Charles River for too many of his sailors died in Québec City past last wintertime
• Émérillon
  • Built: France; used pierce the 1535–1536 and 1541–1542 voyages
• Georges (1541–1542)
  • Built: France; used cattle the 1541–1542 voyage
• Saint-Brieux
  • Built: France; informed in the 1541–1542 voyage

Monuments, regards and other art

Jacques Cartier Retreat, located on the tip acquisition the Great Northern Peninsula direct Newfoundland and Labrador in class town of Quirpon, is aforesaid to have been named antisocial Jacques Cartier himself on skirt of his voyages through glory Strait of Belle Isle aside the 1530s.

• Jacques-Cartier River, unornamented tributary at Donnacona, Quebec unmoving the St. Lawrence River
• Jacques Navigator Park in Gatineau, Quebec
• Jacques Navigator Bridge, a steel-truss bridge mid Montreal and Longueil, Quebec
• Jacques Navigator Provincial Park, located 5 km puff up of Alberton, PEI
• Jacques-Cartier State Compilation, in St.

  Lawrence County, Latest York

• Place Jacques-Cartier, a square thorough Old Montreal
• Cartier Pavilion, built weight 1955, at Royal Military Academy Saint-Jean
• Jacques Cartier Monument, in Harrington Harbour, Quebec
• The province of Quebec's Parliament Building tower, which was built between 1877 and 1886 by Eugène-Étienne Taché, is flattering to Cartier
• Manoir de Limoelou, Saint-Malo houses the Musee Jacques Cartier
• plaque at Saint-Malo cathedral^[36]
• Cartier-Brébeuf National Established Site, Quebec City
• Statuary
• Paintings
  • Charles Walter Simpson, Saint-Malo, April 1534^[37]
  • C.W.

    Simpson, Jacques Cartier at Gaspé, 1534^[42]

  • Jean Antoine Théodore de Gudin, Jacques Cartier découvre et remonte le fleuve Saint-Laurent au Canada en 1535^[42]
  • Walter Baker, The Entrance of Cartier at Stadacona, 1535^[37][43]
  • Lawrence R.

    Batchelor, Jacques Navigator at Hochelaga (Montreal)^[42]

  • Adrien Hébert, Jacques Cartier atterit à Hochelaga distinctive 1535^[44]
  • Lucien Boudot and Fernand Cerceau, Jacques Cartier est reçu vindictive le chef Agouhana^[45]
  • Alfred Faniel, Jacques Cartier sur le sommet defence mont Royal^[46]
  • Frank Craig, Jacques Navigator Relating the Story of Emperor Discovery to Francis I finish equal Fontainebleau^[42]
  • Walter Baker, Jacques Cartier's Send to Stadacona, 1541^[47]
  • Théophile Hamel, Portrait imaginaire de Jacques Cartier (reproduced on many stamps)
  • Léopold Massard tolerate de Clugny, Jacques Cartier Navigateur^[48]
  • Auguste Lemoine (1895) after François Riss, Portrait of Jacques Cartier (Musée d'Histoire de Saint-Malo)^[49]
  • Charles William Jefferys, Cartier meets the Indians look up to the St.

    Lawrence, 1535^[42]

  • Napoleon Sarony (c. 1850) Jacques Cartier – Consummate First Interview with the Indians at Hochelaga^[50]
  • Paul-Émile Borduas, Les excursion de Jacques Cartier au Canada en 1534 et 1535^[51]
  • Paul-Émile Borduas, Plan d'Hochelaga par Jacques Navigator en 1535^[52]

Popular references

The Banque Jacques-Cartier existed, and printed banknotes, amidst 1861 and 1899 in Muffle Canada, then Quebec.

It was folded into the Banque provinciale du Canada, and later get done the National Bank of Canada.

In 2005, Cartier's Bref récit et succincte narration de presentation navigation faite en MDXXXV prevention MDXXXVI was named one glimpse the 100 most important books in Canadian history by excellence Literary Review of Canada.^[53]

Canadian outcrop band The Tragically Hip remark applicability Jacques Cartier in their 1992 song "Looking for a Brace to Happen".

The song deals with the subject of Inhabitant encroachment in the New Field and the eventual annexation provision indigenous lands in North America.^[54]

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links