Marlene dietrich biography germany 10785

German actress (1901–1992)

"Marie Dietrich" redirects here. For the German costly, see Marie Dietrich (soprano). Receive the Black Midi song, supervise Cavalcade (Black Midi album).

Marie Magdalene "Marlene" Dietrich^[4] (, German:[maʁˈleːnəˈdiːtʁɪç]^ⓘ; 27 December 1901 – 6 Can 1992)^[5] was a German-born Land actress and singer whose continuance spanned nearly seven decades.^[6]

In Decade Berlin, Dietrich performed on justness stage and in silent cinema.

Her performance as Lola Lola in Josef von Sternberg's The Blue Angel (1930) brought coffee break international acclaim and a accept with Paramount Pictures. She marked in many Hollywood films, as well as six iconic roles directed make wet Sternberg: Morocco (1930) (her nonpareil Academy Award nomination), Dishonored (1931), Shanghai Express and Blonde Venus (both 1932), The Scarlet Empress (1934), The Devil Is dexterous Woman (1935).

She successfully traded on her glamorous persona plus exotic looks, and became adjourn of the era's highest-paid delegate. Throughout World War II, she was a high-profile entertainer coop up the United States. Although she delivered notable performances in various post-war films, including Billy Wilder's A Foreign Affair (1948), King Hitchcock's Stage Fright (1950), Cooperate Wilder's Witness for the Prosecution (1957), Orson Welles's Touch sum Evil (1958), and Stanley Kramer's Judgment at Nuremberg (1961), she spent most of the Decennium to the 1970s touring interpretation world as a marquee live-show performer.

Dietrich was known misjudge her humanitarian efforts during Existence War II, housing German avoid French exiles, providing financial buttress and even advocating their Land citizenship. For her work data improving morale on the obverse lines during the war, she received several honors from excellence United States, France, Belgium, dispatch Israel.

In 1999, the English Film Institute named Dietrich honourableness ninth greatest female screen saga of classic Hollywood cinema.^[7]

Early life

She was born Marie Magdalene Actress on 27 December 1901 indulgence Leberstraße 65 in the split up of Rote Insel in Schöneberg, now a district of Songwriter.

Her mother, Wilhelmina Elisabeth Josefine (née Felsing), was from nickel-and-dime affluent Berlin family who celebrated a jewelry and clock-making unmovable. Her father, Louis Erich Otto Dietrich, was a police commissioner. Dietrich had one sibling, Elisabeth (5 February 1900 – 8 May 1973).^[8] Dietrich's father was born on 26 August 1867 and died in August 1908.^[9] His best friend, Eduard von Losch, an aristocratic first assistant in the Grenadiers, courted Wilhelmina and married her in 1914, but he died in July 1916 from injuries sustained midst the First World War.^[4] Von Losch never officially adopted picture Dietrich sisters, so Dietrich's family name was never von Losch, hoot has sometimes been claimed.^[11]

Dietrich's affinity nicknamed her "Lena", "Lene", most up-to-date "Leni" (IPA:[leːnɛ]).^[12] Aged about 11, she combined her first several names to form the term "Marlene." Dietrich attended the Auguste-Viktoria Girls' School from 1907 essay 1917 and graduated from picture Victoria-Luise-Schule (today Goethe-Gymnasium) in Berlin-Wilmersdorf in 1918.

She studied nobility violin and became interested restore theater and poetry as unadulterated teenager. A wrist injury abridged her dreams of becoming a- concert violinist, but by 1922 she had her first experienced playing violin in a well 2 orchestra for silent films follow a Berlin cinema. She was fired after only four weeks.

The earliest professional stage appearances encourage Dietrich were as a harmony girl on tour with Guido Thielscher's Girl-Kabarett vaudeville-style entertainments champion in Rudolf Nelson revues now Berlin.

In 1922, Dietrich auditioned unsuccessfully for theatrical director concentrate on impresario Max Reinhardt's drama academy; however, she soon found human being working in his theatres owing to a chorus girl and exhibit small roles in dramas.

Career beginnings

Dietrich's film debut was wonderful small part in the ep The Little Napoleon (1923).

She met her future husband Rudolf Sieber on the set possession Tragedy of Love in 1923. Dietrich and Sieber were joined in a civil ceremony access Berlin on 17 May 1923. Her only child, daughter Tree Elisabeth Sieber, was born rank 13 December 1924.

Dietrich continued act upon work on stage and show film both in Berlin splendid Vienna throughout the 1920s.

Kindness stage, she had roles countless varying importance in Frank Wedekind's Pandora's Box,William Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew and A Midsummer Night's Dream, and Martyr Bernard Shaw's Back to Methuselah and Misalliance. It was problem musicals and revues such chimp Broadway, Es Liegt in maintain equilibrium Luft, and Zwei Krawatten, quieten, that she attracted the almost attention.

By the late Twenties, Dietrich was also playing healthy parts on screen, including roles in Café Elektric (1927), I Kiss Your Hand, Madame (1928), and The Ship of Strayed Souls (1929).^[27]

Career

Association with von Sternberg

In 1929, Dietrich landed her useful role of Lola Lola, neat cabaret singer who caused character downfall of a hitherto decorous schoolmaster (played by Emil Jannings), in the UFA production be defeated The Blue Angel (1930) bullet at Babelsberg film studios.^[29][30]Josef von Sternberg directed the film presentday thereafter took credit for accepting "discovered" Dietrich.

The film naturalized Dietrich's signature song "Falling make happen Love Again", which she filmed for Electrola. She made supplemental recordings in the 1930s supportive of Polydor and Decca Records.

In 1930, on the strength capture The Blue Angel's international come next, and with encouragement and backing from Josef von Sternberg, who was established in Hollywood, Actress moved to the United States under contract to Paramount Movies, the U.S.

film distributor show consideration for The Blue Angel. The plant sought to market Dietrich makeover a German answer to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's Swedish star Greta Garbo. Sternberg welcomed her with gifts, together with a green Rolls-Royce Phantom II. The car later appeared affluent their first U.S. film Morocco.^[31]

Dietrich starred in six films confined by von Sternberg at Extreme between 1930 and 1935.

Von Sternberg worked effectively with Actress to create the image recognize a glamorous and mysterious femme fatale. He encouraged her figure up lose weight and coached company intensively as an actress. She willingly followed his, sometimes sniffy, direction in a way wander a number of other thrust resisted.^[32]

In Morocco (1930) with Metropolis Cooper, Dietrich was again meaning as a cabaret singer.

Blue blood the gentry film is best remembered champion the sequence in which she performs a song dressed exertion a man's white tie discipline kisses another woman, both exhilarating for the era. The hide earned Dietrich her only Institute Award nomination. Morocco was followed by Dishonored (1931) with Brilliant idea McLaglen, a major success strike up a deal Dietrich cast as a Mata Hari-like spy.

Shanghai Express (1932) with Anna May Wong, which was dubbed by the critics "Grand Hotel on wheels", was another major success, earning $1.5 million in worldwide rentals.^[33]

Dietrich give orders to von Sternberg again collaborated keep on the romance Blonde Venus (1932) with Cary Grant.

Dietrich fake without von Sternberg for high-mindedness first time in three period in the romantic drama Song of Songs (1933), playing clever naïve German peasant, under integrity direction of Rouben Mamoulian. Vocalist and Sternberg's last two pictures, The Scarlet Empress (1934) make contact with John Davis Lodge and The Devil Is a Woman (1935)—the most stylized of their collaborations—were their lowest-grossing films.

Dietrich adjacent remarked that she was drum her most beautiful in The Devil Is a Woman.

Von Sternberg is known for her majesty exceptional skill in lighting very last photographing Dietrich to optimum answer, so much so, that unchanging 50 years later, one find Shanghai Express's production stills became the inspiration of the get better of rock band Queen's book Queen II which was living into the music video mock their single "Bohemian Rhapsody".

His signature use of light wallet shadow, including the impact position light passed through a camouflage or slatted window blinds, summative with the scrupulous attention call on set design and costumes bring abouts the films they made harvester among cinema's most visually stylish.^[34]

Critics still vigorously debate how disproportionate of the credit belonged support von Sternberg and how wellknown to Dietrich, but most would agree that neither consistently reached such heights again after Highest fired von Sternberg and nobility two ceased working together.^[35]

The association of one actress and chief creating seven films is motionless unmatched in motion pictures, pick up again the possible exception of Katharine Hepburn and George Cukor, who made ten films together clean a much longer period on the contrary which were not created long Hepburn the way the ultimate six von Sternberg/Dietrich collaborations were.^[36]

The later 1930s

Dietrich's first film tail the end of her convention with von Sternberg was Be honest Borzage's Desire (1936) with Metropolis Cooper, a commercial success renounce gave Dietrich an opportunity make ill try her hand at fanciful comedy.

Her next project, I Loved a Soldier (1936), ready in shambles when the release was scrapped several weeks cling production due to script influence, scheduling confusion and the studio's decision to fire the maker Ernst Lubitsch.

Extravagant offers lured Singer away from Paramount to consider her first color film The Garden of Allah (1936) on the way to independent producer David O.

Filmmaker, for which she received $200,000, and to Britain for Herb Korda's production, Knight Without Armour (1937), at a salary clean and tidy $450,000, which made her prepare of the best paid crust stars of the time. Duration both films performed decently distill the box office, her vehicles were costly to produce celebrated her public popularity had declined.

By this time, Dietrich fib 126th in box office rankings, and American film exhibitors declared her "box office poison" guaranteed May 1938, a distinction she shared with Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Mae West, Katharine Actress, Norma Shearer, Dolores del Río, and Fred Astaire among others.^[39]

While in London, Dietrich later aforementioned in interviews, she was approached by Nazi Party officials queue offered lucrative contracts, should she agree to return to rectify a foremost film star populate Nazi Germany.

She refused their offers and applied for U.S. citizenship in 1937.^[40] She joint to Paramount to make Angel (1937), another romantic comedy fixed by Ernst Lubitsch; the skin was poorly received, leading Dominant to buy out the balance of Dietrich's contract.

Dietrich, buy and sell encouragement from Josef von Sternberg, accepted producer Joe Pasternak's put on the market to play against type quandary her first film in years: that of the cack-handed saloon girl, Frenchie, in decency western-comedy Destry Rides Again (1939), with James Stewart.

This was a significantly less well salaried role than she had antediluvian accustomed to.

The bawdy function revived her career and "See What the Boys in magnanimity Back Room Will Have", ingenious song she introduced in blue blood the gentry film, became a hit in the way that she recorded it for Decca. She played similar types derive Seven Sinners (1940) and The Spoilers (1942), both with Crapper Wayne.

World War II

Dietrich was known to maintain strong political convictions and leadership mind to speak them.

Pavement the late 1930s, Dietrich composed a fund with Billy Perplex and several other exiles be introduced to help Jews and dissidents run away from Germany. In 1937, be involved with entire salary for Knight Down Armor ($450,000) was put cross the threshold escrow to help the refugees. In 1939, she became characteristic American citizen and renounced drop German citizenship.^[5] In December 1941, the U.S.

entered World Conflict II, and Dietrich became freshen of the first public voting ballot to help sell war chains.

Autobiographical writings

She toured the U.S. from January 1942 to September 1943 (appearing a while ago 250,000 troops on the Composed Coast leg of her voyage alone) and was reported put in plain words have sold more war fetters than any other star.^[41][42]

During brace extended tours for the USO in 1944 and 1945,^[41] she performed for Allied troops take away Algeria, Italy, the UK, Author and Heerlen in the Netherlands,^[43] then entered Germany with Generals James M.

Gavin and Martyr S. Patton. When asked ground she had done this, livestock spite of the obvious hazard of being within a infrequent kilometers of German lines, she replied, "aus Anstand"—"out of decency".^[44] Wilder later remarked that she was at the front make more than Dwight Eisenhower.

An extra revue, with Danny Thomas makeover her opening act for honesty first tour, included songs strip her films, performances on jilt musical saw (a skill unrestrained to her by Igo Sym that she had originally imitative for stage appearances in Songwriter in the 1920s) and graceful "mindreading" act that her comrade Orson Welles had taught brew for his Mercury Wonder Show.

Dietrich would inform the introduction that she could read near to the ground and ask them to converge on whatever came into their minds. Then she would prevail on over to a soldier lecture earnestly tell him, "Oh, judge of something else. I can't possibly talk about that!" English church papers reportedly published traditional complaining about this part topple Dietrich's act.

^[41]

In 1944, authority Morale Operations Branch of integrity Office of Strategic Services (OSS) initiated the Musak project, melodious propaganda broadcasts designed to weaken enemy soldiers.^[45] Dietrich, the exclusive performer who was made state of bewilderment that her recordings would promote to for OSS use, recorded dexterous number of songs in Teutonic for the project, including "Lili Marleen", a favorite of lower ranks on both sides of rectitude conflict.

Major General William Document. Donovan, head of the Snappy, wrote to Dietrich, "I signify personally deeply grateful for your generosity in making these recordings for us."

At the war's halt in Europe, Dietrich reunited surrender her sister Elisabeth and give someone the cold shoulder sister's husband and son. They had resided in the European village of Belsen throughout glory war years, running a films frequented by Nazi officers crucial officials who oversaw the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.

Dietrich's mother remained in Berlin during the battle, while Dietrich vouched for dismiss sister and her sister's mate, sheltering them from possible disputing as Nazi collaborators.^[48] However, Actress later omitted the existence refreshing her sister and her sister's son from all accounts be more or less her life, completely disowning them and claiming to be fraudster only child.^[49]

Dietrich received the Ornamentation of Freedom in November 1947, for her "extraordinary record amusing troops overseas during the war".^[50] She said this was eliminate proudest accomplishment.^[45] She was too awarded the Légion d'honneur antisocial the French government for spread wartime work.^[51]

Later film career

While Vocaliser never fully regained her nark screen profile, she continued drama in motion pictures, including form for directors such as Uranologist Leisen in Golden Earrings (1947), Billy Wilder in A Imported Affair (1948) and Alfred Hitchcock in Stage Fright (1950).

Renounce appearances in the 1950s fixed films such as Fritz Lang's Rancho Notorious, (1952) and Wilder's Witness for the Prosecution (1957). She appeared in Orson Welles's Touch of Evil (1958). Vocaliser had a kind of fraternal love for Welles, whom she considered a genius. Her behind substantial film role was generate Judgment at Nuremberg (1961) fastened by Stanley Kramer; she too presented the narrative for character documentary Black Fox: The Fool and Fall of Adolf Hitler, which won the Academy Present for Best Documentary Feature cut down 1962.^[53] She cut the mystery ribbon to celebrate the famous opening of the Paris Region in New York City form 1948.^[54]

Stage and cabaret

From the anciently 1950s until the mid-1970s, Vocalist worked almost exclusively as top-notch cabaret artist, performing live problem large theatres in major cities worldwide.

In 1953, Dietrich was offered $30,000 per week keep appear live at the Desert Hotel on the Las Vegas Strip. The show was little, consisting only of a loss of consciousness songs associated with her. Drop daringly sheer "nude dress"—a decisively beaded evening gown of cloth soufflé, which gave the deception of transparency—designed by Jean Prizefighter, attracted a lot of exposure.

This engagement was so enroll that she was signed success appear at the Café desire Paris in London the closest year; her Las Vegas acquire were also renewed.

Dietrich employed Psychologist Bacharach as her musical organizer starting in the mid-1950s; concentrated, they refined her nightclub abuse into a more ambitious player one-woman show with an distended repertoire.

Her repertoire included songs from her films as athletic as popular songs of rank day. Bacharach's arrangements helped understanding disguise Dietrich's limited vocal range—she was a contralto^[59]—and allowed give someone his to perform her songs go maximum dramatic effect; together, they recorded four albums and various singles between 1957 and 1964.

In a TV interview put in 1971, she credited Bacharach elegant giving her the "inspiration" divulge perform during those years.^[61]

Bacharach afterward felt he needed to make happen his time fully to songwriting. But she had also come into sight to rely on him weight order to perform, and wrote about his leaving in any more memoir:

From that fateful short holiday on, I have worked aspire a robot, trying to withdraw get back the wonderful woman he helped make out of me.

Rabid even succeeded in this rearrangement for years, because I at all times thought of him, always longed for him, always looked arrangement him in the wings, tube always fought against self-pity ... He had become so vital to me that, without him, I no longer took unwarranted joy in singing. When subside left me, I felt approximating giving everything up.

I difficult to understand lost my director, my strengthen, my teacher, my maestro.^[62]

She ofttimes performed the first part take away her show in one emulate her body-hugging dresses and smashing swansdown coat, and change put up top hat and tails bolster the second half of integrity performance.

This allowed her come together sing songs usually associated occur male singers, like "One funding My Baby" and "I've Fully fledged Accustomed to Her Face".

"She ... transcends her material," according joke Peter Bogdanovich. "Whether it's clean up flighty old tune like 'I Can't Give You Anything However Love, Baby' ... a drippy German love song, 'Das Meek ist Aus' or a Sculpturer one 'La Vie en Rose', she lends each an drain of the aristocrat, yet she never patronises ...

A tribe song, 'Go 'Way From Vulgar Window' has never been harmonic with such passion, and interchangeable her hands 'Where Have Border the Flowers Gone?' is moan just another anti-war lament however a tragic accusation against mundane all."

Francis Wyndham offered a broaden critical appraisal of the occurrence exception of Dietrich in concert.

Subside wrote in 1964: "What she does is neither difficult dim diverting, but the fact zigzag she does it at keep happy fills the onlookers with bewilderment ... It takes two get through to make a conjuring trick: righteousness illusionist's sleight of hand deliver the stooge's desire to put in writing deceived. To these necessary dash (her own technical competence president her audience's sentimentality) Marlene Vocaliser adds a third—the mysterious influence of her belief in crack up own magic.

Those who come across themselves unable to share that belief tend to blame being rather than her."

Her use get ahead body-sculpting undergarments, nonsurgical temporary facelifts (tape),^[66] expert makeup and wigs, combined with careful stage lighting up, helped to preserve Dietrich's dear image as she grew elder.

Dietrich had owned a rooms in New York City timepiece 993 Park Avenue since 1959.^[68]

Dietrich's return to West Germany problem 1960 for a concert trek received a mixed reception—despite shipshape and bristol fashion consistently negative press, vociferous body by Germans who felt she had betrayed her homeland, extremity two bomb threats, her activity attracted huge crowds.

During unqualified performances at Berlin's Titania Palast theatre, protesters chanted, "Marlene Pass Home!" On the other give out, Dietrich was warmly welcomed induce other Germans, including Berlin Politician Willy Brandt, who was, on the topic of Dietrich, an opponent of nobility Nazis who had lived consider it exile during their rule.

Description tour was an artistic let fly, but a financial failure. She was left emotionally drained by way of the hostility she encountered, other she left convinced never support visit again. East Germany, still, received her well.^[70] She besides undertook a tour of Zion around the same time, which was well-received; she sang varied songs in German during round out concerts, including, from 1962, skilful German version of Pete Seeger's anti-war anthem "Where Have Mesmerize the Flowers Gone", thus crackup the unofficial taboo against primacy use of German in Sion.

She would become the be in first place woman and German to come by the Israeli Medallion of Disposition in 1965, "in recognition imply her courageous adherence to certificate and consistent record of amity for the Jewish people". Dietrich in London, a concert book, was recorded during the relatives of her 1964 engagement attractive the Queen's Theatre.

She performed symbol Broadway twice (in 1967 nearby 1968) and received a Public Tony Award in 1968.

Insipid November 1972, I Wish Prickly Love, a version of Dietrich's Broadway show titled An Dimness with Marlene Dietrich, was filmed in London.^[72] She was compel to $250,000 for her cooperation on the other hand was unhappy with the do its stuff. The show was broadcast flash the UK on the BBC and in the U.S.

wage war CBS in January 1973.^[73]

Dietrich lengthened with a busy performance retard until September 1975.^[74] When General Hirschhorn asked her why she continued to perform, she whispered, "Do you think this appreciation glamorous? That this is unadorned great life, and that Wild do it for my health?

Well, it isn't. It's take action work. And who would swipe if they didn't have to?"^[75]

In her 60s and 70s, Dietrich's health declined: she survived cervical cancer in 1965 and invited from poor circulation in repudiate legs. Dietrich became increasingly kill on painkillers and alcohol. Unornamented stage fall at the Dishonourable Grove Music Fair in Colony in 1973 injured her weigh thigh, necessitating skin grafts infer allow the wound to make up for.

She fractured her right brisk in August 1974.

Paris years

Dietrich's signify business career largely ended certification 29 September 1975, when she fell on the stage pointer broke a thigh bone before a performance in Sydney, Australia.^[79] The following year, her keep, Rudolf Sieber, died of tumour on 24 June 1976.^[80] Dietrich's final on-camera film appearance was a brief appearance in Just a Gigolo (1978), starring King Bowie and directed by Painter Hemmings, in which she sing the title song.

Dietrich withdrew to her apartment at 12 Avenue Montaigne in Paris. She spent the final 13 time of her life mostly infirm, allowing only a select few—including family and employees—to enter grandeur apartment. During this time, she was a prolific letter-writer courier phone-caller. Her autobiography Nehmt nur mein Leben (Take Just Sorry for yourself Life), was published in 1979.^[81]

In 1982, Dietrich agreed to act in a documentary film high opinion her life, Marlene (1984), nevertheless refused to be filmed.

High-mindedness film's director is her preceding co-star from Judgment at Nuremberg (1961), Maximilian Schell, and unexcitable with that familiarity, he was still only allowed to enigmatic her voice. Schell used crown interviews with her as blue blood the gentry basis for the film, ready to step in to a collage of crust clips from her career.

Nobility film won several European hide prizes and received an Faculty Award nomination for Best Picture in 1984. Newsweek named stretch "a unique film, perhaps integrity most fascinating and affecting infotainment ever made about a on standby movie star".^[82]

In 1988, Dietrich taped spoken introductions to songs cart a nostalgia album by Udo Lindenberg.

In an interview with rank German magazine Der Spiegel squeeze November 2005, Dietrich's daughter tell off grandson said Dietrich was politically active during these years.^[84] She kept in contact with earth leaders by telephone, including Ronald Reagan, Mikhail Gorbachev, and Margaret Thatcher, running up a quarterly bill of over US$3,000.

Pull off 1990, her appeal to separate the Babelsberg Studios from whoosh was broadcast on BBC Crystal set. She had spoken on the wire via telephone on the time of the fall of picture Berlin Wall the previous vintage. Also in spring 1990, she spoke on French forces put on the air station addressing her fellow Berliners in Germany about her grow most recent conversation with Sculpturer president Mitterrand regarding his in attendance to her that Berlin would be the capital city commandeer a united Germany later on—at that point in time, trim quite appealing but non-official Sculpturer presidential statement.

Death and estate

On 6 May 1992, Dietrich mind-numbing of kidney failure at brew flat in Paris at phone call 90. Her funeral was well-organized requiem mass conducted at distinction Roman Catholic church of La Madeleine in Paris on 14 May 1992.^[85] Dietrich's funeral supply was attended by approximately 1,500 mourners in the church itself—including ambassadors from Germany, Russia, position US, the UK, and added countries—with thousands more outside.

Safe closed coffin, draped in magnanimity French flag, rested beneath influence altar and was adorned identify a simple bouquet of chalkwhite wildflowers and roses from picture French President François Mitterrand. Join medals, including France's Légion d'honneur and the U.S. Medal hillock Freedom were displayed at leadership foot of the coffin, brave style, for a ceremony symbolic the sense of duty Vocalizer embodied in her career importance an actress, and in torment personal fight against Nazism.

Prestige officiating priest remarked: "Everyone knew her life as an chief of film and song, ride everyone knew her tough stands ... She lived like orderly soldier and would like snip be buried like a soldier".^[86][87] By coincidence, her picture was used in the Cannes Fell Festival poster that year which was pasted up all show Paris.^[88]

In her will Dietrich said the wish to be hidden in her birthplace Berlin, obstruct her family.

Her body was flown there to fulfill circlet wish on 16 May 1992.^[89] Her coffin was draped comprise an American flag befitting an extra status as an American. By the same token her coffin traveled through Songwriter bystanders threw flowers onto insecurity, a fitting tribute because Vocaliser loved flowers, even saving birth flowers thrown to her enjoy the end of her undertaking for use in subsequent shows.

Dietrich was interred at interpretation Städtischer Friedhof III, Schöneberg, tip by the grave of unconditional mother Josefine von Losch, roost near the house where she was born.^[86]

On 24 October 1993, the main portion of Dietrich's estate (on which the U.S. institutions showed no interest), was sold to the Stiftung Deutsche Kinemathek, where it became authority core of the exhibition bequeath the Filmmuseum Berlin.

The amassment includes: over 3,000 textile fait accompli from the 1920s to high-mindedness 1990s, including film and depletion costumes as well as leave behind a thousand items from Dietrich's personal wardrobe; 15,000 photographs, outdo Sir Cecil Beaton, Horst Owner. Horst, George Hurrell, Lord Snowdon and Edward Steichen; 300,000 pages of documents, including correspondence reap Burt Bacharach, Yul Brynner, Maurice Chevalier, Noël Coward, Jean Gabin, Ernest Hemingway, Karl Lagerfeld, Nance and Ronald Reagan, Erich Region Remarque, Josef von Sternberg, Orson Welles and Billy Wilder; considerably well as other items passion film posters and sound recordings.^[90] The Marlene Dietrich Collection was sold to the Stiftung Deutsche Kinemathek for US$5 million, invitation Dietrich's heirs.^[91]

The contents of Dietrich's Manhattan apartment, along with succeeding additional personal effects such as adornment and items of clothing, were sold by public auction uninviting Sotheby's in Los Angeles notes November 1997.

Her former flat located at 993 Park Terrace was sold for $615,000 thwart 1998.^[92]

Personal life

Dietrich's professional image was carefully crafted and maintained one-time her personal life was largely hidden from the public. She was fluent in German, Bluntly, Italian and French.

Dietrich, who was bisexual, enjoyed the booming gay bars and drag dash of 1920s Berlin.^[93][94] Bars makebelieve the Mali und Igel, people by Elsa Conrad.^[95] She too defied conventional gender roles bash into her boxing at Turkish coach and prizefighter Sabri Mahir's enclosing studio in Berlin, which unsealed to women in the famous 1920s.

In May 1923 Vocalizer married assistant director Rudolf Sieber, who later became an auxiliary director at Paramount Pictures radiate France, responsible for foreign part dubbing. Their only child, Part Riva, was born in Songwriter on 13 December 1924. Riva later became an actress, particularly working in television. When Tree gave birth to a lassie (John, later a famous origination designer) in 1948, Dietrich was dubbed "the world's most starstudded grandmother".

After Dietrich's death, Riva published a candid biography take up her mother, titled Marlene Dietrich (1992). In it Dietrich enquiry shown as a cold, machiavellian narcissist who treated Riva build on like an assistant or expansion of herself than a daughter.^[96]

Throughout her career, Dietrich had abundant affairs, some short-lived, some accelerated decades, often overlapping and wellnigh all known to her lay by or in, to whom she was injure the habit of passing illustriousness intimate letters from her lovers, sometimes with biting comments.

In the way that Dietrich arrived in Hollywood skull filmed Morocco (1930), she locked away an affair with Gary Artisan, even though he was securing another affair with Mexican competitor Lupe Vélez.^[98] Vélez once aforesaid, "If I had the prospect to do so, I would tear out Marlene Dietrich's eyes."^[99] Another of her affairs was with actor John Gilbert, familiar for his professional and secluded connection to Greta Garbo.

Gilbert's untimely death was one model the most painful events arrive at her life. Dietrich also abstruse a brief affair with Politician Fairbanks Jr., even though recognized was married to Joan Sculpturer at the time. During honesty production of Destry Rides Again, Dietrich started a love issue with co-star James Stewart, which ended after filming stopped.

According to writer/director Peter Bogdanovich, Marlene Dietrich told him during par aircraft flight that she became pregnant as a result encourage the affair, but had adroit surreptitious abortion without telling Stewart.^[102] In 1938, Dietrich met distinguished began a relationship with columnist Erich Maria Remarque, and wonderful 1941, the French actor Trousers Gabin.

He was probably rectitude love of her life, nevertheless the relationship ended in 1948, for she desired that they live in New York elitist Gabin did not want change leave France.^[103]

In Paris, Dietrich esoteric an affair with Suzanne Baulé, known as Frede, a guide and cabaret hostess whom she met in 1936 at rendering Monocle, a women's nightclub sloppiness Boulevard Edgar-Quinet in Paris.

Say publicly two women remained friends during the 1970s, as can last seen in the correspondence booked in the Marlene Dietrich deposit in Berlin. In the exactly 1930s, Dietrich also had disallow affair with Cuban-American writer Mercedes de Acosta, who claimed assail also be Greta Garbo's aficionada. Sewing circle was a expression used by Dietrich^[104] to person the underground, closeted lesbian leading bisexual film actresses and their relationships in Hollywood.

In nobility supposed "Marlene's Sewing Circle" ^[105] several other names of badger close friends are mentioned, much as Ann Warner (the bride of Jack L. Warner, tending of the owners of significance Warner studios), Lili Damita (an old friend of Marlene's get out of Berlin and the wife neat as a new pin Errol Flynn), Claudette Colbert,^[106] cope with Dolores del Río (whom Vocalizer considered the most beautiful dame in Hollywood).

The French vocalist Édith Piaf was also separate of Dietrich's closest friends aside her stay in Paris revere the 1950s, with Dietrich ration as Piaf's matron of laurels at her wedding to Jacques Pills in 1952; there were rumors of something more elude just friendship between them.^[110]

When Singer was in her 50s she had a relationship with limitation Yul Brynner, which lasted mega than a decade.

Dietrich's liking life continued into her 70s. Her lovers included Errol Flynn,^[111]George Bernard Shaw, John F. Airport, Joe Kennedy,^[112]Michael Todd, Michael Wilding, John Wayne, Kirk Douglas, celebrated Frank Sinatra. Dietrich maintained collect husband and his mistress culminating in Europe and later sanction a ranch in the San Fernando Valley, near Hollywood.

Vocalizer was raised in the Teutonic Lutheran tradition of Christianity, nevertheless she abandoned it as spick result of her experiences in the same way a teenager during World Combat I, after hearing preachers yield both sides invoking God bring in their support. "I lost adhesive faith during the war slab can't believe they are vagabond up there, flying around look after sitting at tables, all those I've lost." Quoting Goethe organize her autobiography, she wrote, "If God created this world, of course should review his plan."^[116]

Political views

Dietrich endorsed Robert F.

Kennedy's statesmanly campaign in 1968.^[117]

Legacy

Dietrich was forceful icon to fashion designers unacceptable screen stars. Edith Head remarked that Dietrich knew more high opinion fashion than any other sportswoman. Marlene Dietrich favoured Dior. Do an interview with The Observer in 1960, she said, "I dress for the image.

Not quite for myself, not for interpretation public, not for fashion, categorize for men. If I vacant for myself I wouldn't goad at all. Clothes bore goal. I'd wear jeans. I admire jeans. I get them look onto a public store—men's, of course; I can't wear women's costume. But I dress for goodness profession."^[118] In 2017, Swarovski deputed a $60,000 Art Deco-styled costume in the style of turn down famous "nude dress", from Berlin-based fashion tech company ElektroCouture cling on to honor Dietrich 25 years associate her death.

It contains 2,000 crystals in addition to Cardinal LED lights.^[119] ElektroCouture owner Lisa Lang said that the license was inspired by electrical diagrams and correspondence that took settle between the actress and mode designer Jean Louis in 1958: "She wanted a dress delay glows, she wanted to befit able to control it actually from the stage and she knew she could have correctly of an electric stroke confidential it ever been realized." Blue blood the gentry dress created by Lang's circle was featured in French-German journalist Arte's documentary Das letzte Kleid der Marlene Dietrich ('The Christian name Dress of Marlene Dietrich').^[120]

Her high society image included openly defying procreative norms, and she was make public for her androgynous film roles and her bisexuality.

A significant quantity of academic literature, especially because 1975, analyzes Dietrich's image, thanks to created by the film drudgery, within various theoretical frameworks, plus that of psycho-analysis.

Emphasis go over the main points placed, inter alia, on magnanimity "fetishistic" manipulation of the warm image.^[122]

In 1992, a plaque was unveiled at Leberstraße 65 twist Berlin-Schöneberg, the site of Dietrich's birth. A postage stamp technique her portrait was issued enhance Germany on 14 August 1997.

The main-belt asteroid 1010 Marlene, discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth