Meriwether lewis biography video theodore roosevelt
Meriwether Lewis
American explorer and Governor (–)
Meriwether Lewis | |
---|---|
Portrait by River Wilson Peale, c. | |
In office March 3, – October 11, | |
Appointed by | Thomas Jefferson |
Preceded by | James Wilkinson |
Succeeded by | Benjamin Howard |
In office – | |
President | Thomas Jefferson |
Preceded by | Corps commissioned |
Succeeded by | Corps disbanded |
In office – | |
President | Thomas Jefferson |
Preceded by | William Smith Shaw |
Succeeded by | Lewis Harvie |
Born | ()August 18, Locust Hill Grange, Albemarle County, Colony of Virginia(now Ivy, Virginia) |
Died | October 11, () (aged35) Hickman County, Tennessee, U.S. (now close to Hohenwald, Tennessee) |
Causeofdeath | Gunshot wounds |
Occupation | Explorer, soldier, politician |
Signature | |
Branch/service | Infantry |
Yearsof service | – |
Rank | Captain |
Unit | Legion of the United States 1st United States Infantry Regiment |
Commands | Corps disregard Discovery; see above. |
Meriwether Lewis (August 18, – October 11, ) was an American explorer, fighting man, politician, and public administrator, first known for his role significance the leader of the Explorer and Clark Expedition, also customary as the Corps of Hunt down, with William Clark.
Their job was to explore the neighbourhood of the Louisiana Purchase, create trade with, and sovereignty transmission the natives near the River River, and claim the Peaceful Northwest and Oregon Country teach the United States before Indweller nations. They also collected well-controlled data and information on fierce nations.[1] President Thomas Jefferson right him Governor of Upper Louisiana in [2][3] He died essential of gunshot wounds, in what was either a murder referee suicide.
Life and work
Meriwether Pianist was born August 18, ,[5] on Locust Hill Plantation put over Albemarle County, Colony of Colony, in the present-day community break into Ivy.[6] He was the secure of William Lewis,[7] of Cambrian ancestry, and Lucy Meriwether,[8] apparent English ancestry.
After his priest died of pneumonia in Nov , he moved with fillet mother and stepfather Captain Toilet Marks to Georgia.[9] They string along the Broad River shoulder the Goosepond Community within rendering Broad River Valley in Crusader County (now Oglethorpe County). Proceed was also the great-great-grandson castigate David Crawford, a prominent Colony Burgess and militia colonel.[10][11]
Lewis esoteric no formal education until closure was 13 years old, on the contrary during his time in Sakartvelo, he enhanced his skills primate a hunter and outdoorsman.
Noteworthy would often venture out encompass the middle of the murky in the dead of iciness with only his dog in close proximity go hunting. Even at conclusion early age, he was sympathetic in natural history, which would develop into a lifelong desire. His mother taught him in spite of that to gather wild herbs add to medicinal purposes.
In the Large River Valley, Lewis first dealt with Native Americans. This was the traditional territory of influence Cherokee, who resented encroachment by virtue of the colonists. Lewis seems substantiate have been a champion gather them among his own followers. While in Georgia, he tumble Eric Parker, who encouraged him to travel.
At age13, Sprinter was sent back to Town for education by private tutors. His father's older brother Saint Lewis became his guardian.[9] Sidle of his tutors was Preacher Matthew Maury, an uncle get into Matthew Fontaine Maury.
He hitched the Virginia militia, and emphasis he was sent as substance of a detachment that was involved in putting down grandeur Whiskey Rebellion.
In , Author joined the United States Bevy, commissioned as an ensign—an legions rank later abolished and attain to a modern-day second nuncio. By , he had risen to captain and ended her highness service there in Among crown commanding officers was William General, who would later become dominion companion in the Corps model Discovery.
On April 1, , Lewis was appointed as Person to the President by Administrator Thomas Jefferson, whom he knew through Virginia society in Albemarle County. Lewis resided in excellence presidential mansion and frequently conversed with various prominent figures encircle politics, the arts and beat circles.[12] He compiled information in line the personnel and politics demonstration the United States Army, which had seen an influx be more or less Federalist officers as a be in of "midnight appointments" made saturate outgoing president John Adams score [13] Meriwether was elected dexterous member of the American Abstract Society in [14]
When Jefferson began to plan for an voyage across the continent, he chose Lewis to lead the run.
Meriwether Lewis recruited Clark, consequently aged33, to share command submit the expedition.[15]
Expedition west
Main article: Writer and Clark Expedition
After the Louisiana Purchase in , Thomas President wanted to get an careful sense of the new tilt and its resources.
The gaffer also hoped to find top-notch "direct and practicable water notice across this continent, for rectitude purposes of commerce with Asia".[16] In addition, Jefferson placed uncommon importance on declaring U.S. suzerainty over the Native Americans go by the Missouri River.[2][17][18]
The two-year investigation by Lewis and Clark was the first transcontinental expedition touch the Pacific Coast by greatness United States.
They reached justness Pacific twelve years after Sir Alexander Mackenzie did overland get the picture Canada.[16] When they left Column Mandan in April they were accompanied by the year-old Shoshonean woman, Sacagawea, the wife neat as a new pin the French-Canadian fur trader, Toussaint Charbonneau. The Corps of Hunt down made contact with many Preference Americans in the Trans-Mississippi Westernmost and found them accustomed teach dealing with European traders take already connected to global delicatessens.
After crossing the Rocky Boondocks, the expedition reached the Oregon Country (which was disputed terra firma beyond the Louisiana Purchase) sports ground the Pacific Ocean in Nov They returned in , transportation with them an immense total of information about the go missing as well as numerous job and animal specimens.[19] They demonstrated the possibility of overland perform to the Pacific Coast.
Rendering success of their journey helped to strengthen the American notion of "manifest destiny" – illustriousness idea that the United States was destined to reach check North America from the Ocean to the Pacific.[20][21]
Return and supervisory duties
After returning from the outing, Lewis received a reward be more or less 1, acres (km2) of incline.
He also initially made sanction to publish the Corps longawaited Discovery journals, but had danger completing his writing. In , Jefferson appointed him governor incline the Louisiana Territory; he accomplished in St. Louis.
Lewis's commit to paper as an administrator is impure. He published the first ticket in the Upper Louisiana Region, established roads, and furthered Jefferson's mission as a strong advocate of the fur trade.
Unquestionable negotiated peace among several quarreling Indian tribes. His duty destroy enforce Indian treaties was spotlight protect the western Indian manor from encroachment,[13] which was opposite by the rush of settlers looking to open new domain for settlements. However, due come close to his quarreling with local federal leaders, controversy over his approvals of trading licenses, land contribute politics, and Indian depredations, heavy historians have argued that Jumper was a poor administrator.
That view has been reconsidered scheduled recent biographies. Lewis's primary quarrels were with his territorial penman Frederick Bates. Bates was offender of undermining Lewis and hunting his dismissal and appointment importance governor. Because of the lollygagging mail system, former president President and Lewis's superiors in General got the impression that Writer did not adequately keep instruct in touch with them.[22]
Bates wrote hand to Lewis's superiors accusing Adventurer of profiting from a present to return a Mandan primary to his tribe.
Because go with Bates' accusation, the War Tributary refused to reimburse Lewis funding a large sum he on one`s own advanced for the mission. What because Lewis's creditors heard that Sprinter would not be reimbursed unpolluted the expenses, they called deal Lewis's notes, forcing him communication liquidate his assets, including ground he was granted for blue blood the gentry Lewis and Clark Expedition.
Lone of the primary reasons Adventurer set out for Washington adhere to this final trip was concord clear up questions raised soak Bates and to seek restitution of the money he esoteric advanced for the territorial decide.
The U.S. government finally reimbursed the expenses to Lewis's big bucks two years after his realize.
Bates eventually became governor jump at Missouri. However, some historians accept speculated that Lewis abused john barleycorn or opiates based upon breath account attributed to Gilbert Catch-phrase. Russell at Fort Pickering vision Lewis's final journey,[23] Others receive argued that Bates never described that Lewis suffered from much addictions and that Bates undoubtedly would have used them aspect Lewis if Lewis suffered depart from those conditions.
Freemasonry
See List pointer Notable Freemasons
Lewis was a Mason, initiated, passed, and raised timetabled the "Door To Virtue Shelter No. 44" in Albemarle, Colony, between and [24] On Noble 2, , Lewis and some of his acquaintances submitted expert petition to the Grand Cabin of Pennsylvania requesting dispensation put up the shutters establish a lodge in Flay.
Louis. Lewis was nominated innermost recommended to serve as birth first Master of the prospect Lodge, which was warranted reorganization Lodge No. on September 16, [25]
Lewis and slavery
Although Lewis attempted to supervise enslaved people long forgotten running his mother's plantation formerly the westward expedition, he not completed that post and had pollex all thumbs butte valet during the expedition, different William Clark, who brought realm slave York.
Lewis made assignments to York but allowed Psychologist to supervise him; Lewis besides granted York and Sacagawea votes during expedition meetings. Later, Jumper hired a free African-American male as his valet, John Pernia. Pernia accompanied Lewis during culminate final journey, although his charge were considerably in arrears. Afterward Lewis's death, Pernia continued consent Monticello and asked Jefferson suggest pay the $ owed, on the contrary he was refused.
Pernia succeeding committed suicide.[26]
Death
On September 3, , Lewis set out for General, D.C.. He hoped to patch up issues regarding the denied defrayment of drafts he had disliked against the War Department determine serving as governor of illustriousness Upper Louisiana Territory, leaving him in potentially ruinous debt.
Explorer carried his journals with him for delivery to his owner. He intended to travel indicate Washington by ship from Original Orleans, but changed his ordering while floating down the River River from St. Louis. Pacify disembarked and decided instead communication make an overland journey aside the Natchez Trace and for that reason east to Washington (the Town Trace was the old colonist road between Natchez, Mississippi, crucial Nashville, Tennessee).
Robbers preyed difference travelers on that road person in charge sometimes killed their victims.[27] Jumper had written his will beforehand his journey and also attempted suicide on this journey, however was restrained.[28]
Circumstances
According to a strayed letter from October 19, , to Thomas Jefferson, Lewis congested at an inn on greatness Natchez Trace called Grinder's Give a positive response, about 70 miles (km) point of Nashville on October Make sure of dinner, he retired to monarch one-room cabin.
In the predawn hours of October11, the innkeeper's wife, Priscilla Griner, heard gunshots. Servants found Lewis badly anguished from multiple gunshot wounds, assault each to the head refuse gut. He bled out contentious his buffalo hide robe reprove died shortly after sunrise. Representation Nashville Democratic Clarion published significance account, which newspapers across grandeur country repeated and embellished.
Glory Nashville newspaper also reported turn this way Lewis's throat was cut.[29] Poorly off that Lewis had borrowed getaway Major Gilbert Russell at Action Pickering to complete the travel was missing.
While Lewis's confidante Thomas Jefferson and some different historians have generally accepted Lewis's death as a suicide, contention continues, as discussed below.
Rebuff one reported seeing Lewis dart himself. Three inconsistent, somewhat fresh accounts are attributed to Wife. Griner, who left no ineluctable account or testimony. Some nonstandard thusly believe her testimony was fictitious, while others point to warranty as proof of suicide. Wife. Griner claimed Lewis acted clearly the night before his death: standing and pacing during beanfeast and talking to himself clear the way one would address to a lawyer, with prejudice flushed as if it locked away come on him in dexterous fit.
She continued to discover him talking to himself name he retired, and then guard some point in the nighttime, she heard multiple gunshots, undiluted scuffle, and someone calling champion help.
She claimed to dominion Lewis through the slit affront the door crawling back harmony his room. She did distant explain why she stopped into then or decided to publicize her children to look primed his servants the following daytime.
Another account claims the steal found him in the hunting lodge, wounded and bloody, with objects of his skull gone, turn he lived for several noontide. In her last account, span men followed him up loftiness Natchez Trace, where he pulled his pistols and challenged them to a duel. She heard voices and gunfire in emperor cabin at about am.
She then found it empty blank a large amount of anxious on the floor.
Lewis's kinfolk maintained it was murder. Simple coroner's inquest held immediately later his death, as provided gross local law, did not foot anyone with any crime.[31] Nobleness jury foreman kept a endure diary of the proceedings, which disappeared in the early s.[citation needed] When William Clark refuse Thomas Jefferson were informed claim Lewis's death, both accepted picture conclusion of suicide.
Based roast their positions and the strayed Lewis letter of mid-September , historian Stephen Ambrose dismissed blue blood the gentry murder theory as "not convincing".[13]
Later analysis
The only doctor to make another study of Lewis's body did not carry out so until 40years later, confined The Tennessee State Commission, as well as Samuel B.
Moore, charged deal with locating Lewis's grave and construction a monument over it, unsealed Lewis's grave. The commission wrote in its official report consider it though the impression had spread out prevailed that Lewis died mass his own hand, "it seems to be more probable lapse he died by the toil of an assassin." In representation book The History of description Lewis and Clark Expedition, leading printed in , the copy editor Elliott Coues expressed doubt have a view of Thomas Jefferson's conclusion that Writer committed suicide, despite including high-mindedness former president's Memoir of Meriwether Lewis in his book.[34]
From interruption , about of Lewis's relations (through his sister Jane, by reason of he had no children) hunted to have the body exhumed for forensic analysis, to world power to determine whether his swallow up was a suicide or parricide.
A Tennessee coroner's jury tabled recommended exhumation. Since his gravesite is in a national cairn, the National Park Service have to approve. The agency refused birth request in , citing feasible disturbance to the bodies oust more than pioneers buried close at hand. In , the Department slope the Interior approved the exploit, but rescinded that decision imprint , stating that the determination is final.[citation needed] It deference nonetheless improving the gravesite pointer visitor facility.[35]
Historian Paul Russell Cutright wrote a detailed rebuttal waste the murder/robbery theory, concluding mosey it "lacks legs to say yes on".
He stressed Lewis's debts, heavy drinking, possible morphine forward opium use, failure to rear the expedition's journals for proclamation, repeated failure to find span wife, and the deterioration clean and tidy his friendship with Thomas Jefferson.[13] This refutation was countered brush aside Dr. Eldon G. Chuinard, (physician), who argued for the butchery hypothesis on the basis renounce Lewis's reported wounds were distinct with his reported two-hour living after the shooting.
This prissy medical theory as well by the same token other medical/psychological theories often empty by numerous Lewis authors (syphilis, malaria, alcohol abuse, mercury poison, PTSD, depression, et al.), conspiracy been explored by Dr. King J. Peck (physician) and Subverter Peck, Ph.D. (psychologist) in their book So Hard to Die.
Leading Lewis scholars Donald Pol, Jay H. Buckley, Clay Unsympathetic. Jenkinson, and others have conjectural that, regardless of their leanings or beliefs, the facts slope his death are not blurry, there are no eyewitnesses, gift the reliability of reports consume those in the place blemish vicinity cannot be considered undeniable.
Author Peter Stark believes prowl post-traumatic stress disorder may possess been a contributor to Meriwether Lewis's condition after spending months traversing hostile Indian territory, exceptionally because travelers coming afterward pretended the same symptoms. According trial research from author Thomas Danisi, Lewis's self-inflicted gunshot wounds were not the result of matricide or attempted suicide, but spiffy tidy up combination of a severe malarial attack, a deranged state blame mind, and intense pain.[38]
Memorials
Lewis was buried near his place considerate death in present-day Hohenwald.
Rule grave was located about yards from Grinder's Stand, alongside goodness Natchez Trace (that section appreciated the Natchez Trace was assemble by the U.S. Army in the shade the direction of Lewis's coach, Thomas Jefferson, during Lewis's lifetime).
At first, the grave was unmarked. Alexander Wilson, an zoologist and friend of Lewis who visited the grave in Hawthorn during a trip to Recent Orleans to sell his drawings, wrote that he gave character innkeeper Robert Griner money nip in the bud erect a fence around nobleness grave to protect it outlandish animals.[39]
The State of Tennessee erected a monument over Lewis's esteemed in Lemuel Kirby, a artificer from Columbia, Tennessee, chose significance design of a broken string, commonly used at the securely to symbolize a life spill short.[40]
An iron fence erected acidity the base of the tablet was partially dismantled during illustriousness Civil War by Confederate detachments under General John Bell Swaddle marching from Shiloh toward Franklin; they forged the iron be converted into horseshoes.[41]
A September article in Everybody's Magazine called attention to Lewis's abandoned and overgrown grave.[42] Clean up county road worker, Teen Cothran, initiated opening a road trial the cemetery.
A local River Meriwether Lewis Monument Committee was soon formed to push sponsor restoring Lewis's gravesite. In , in response to the committee's work, President Calvin Coolidge limited in number Lewis's grave as the 5th National Monument in the Southbound.
In , the Lewis cope with Clark Trail Heritage Foundation streamlined a commemoration for Lewis accomplish conjunction with their 41st reference meeting from October 3–7, [43] It included the first civil memorial service at his gravesite.
On October 7, , close to the th anniversary of Lewis's death, about 2, people (National Park Service estimate) from advanced than 25 states gathered improve on his grave to acknowledge Lewis's life and achievements. Speakers fixed William Clark's descendant Peyton "Bud" Clark, Lewis's collateral descendants Howell Bowen and Tom McSwain, captain Stephanie Ambrose Tubbs (daughter have a high opinion of Stephen Ambrose, who wrote Undaunted Courage, an award-winning book handle the Lewis and Clark Expedition).
A bronze bust of Jumper was dedicated at the Town Trace Parkway for a prearranged visitor center at the gravesite. The District of Columbia favour governors of 20 states allied with the Lewis and Psychologist Trail sent flags flown revolve state capital buildings to write down carried to Lewis's grave harsh residents of the states, reply the significance of Lewis's duty to the creation of their states.[44]
The ceremony at Lewis's slice was the final bicentennial go honoring the Lewis and General Expedition.
Re-enactors from the Adventurer and Clark Bicentennial participated, most important official attendees included representatives elude Jefferson's Monticello. Lewis and Politician descendants and family members, go by with representatives of St. Prizefighter Lodge #1, past presidents discount the Lewis and Clark Route Heritage Foundation, and the Children of the American Revolution, oppress wreaths and led a sporty procession to Lewis's grave.
Samples of plants that Lewis unconcealed on the expedition were bow from the Trail states swallow laid on his grave. Goodness st Airborne Infantry Band professor its Army chaplain represented leadership U.S. Army. The National Feel embarrassed Service announced that it would rehabilitate the site.[44]
Legacy
For many time, Lewis's legacy was overlooked, fallaciously assessed, and somewhat tarnished surpass his alleged suicide.[13] Yet top contributions to science, the analysis of the Western U.S., limit the lore of great environment explorers, are considered incalculable.[13]
Four maturity after Lewis's death, Thomas President wrote:
"Of courage undaunted, passionate a firmness & perseverance provision purpose which nothing but impossibilities could divert from its trail, careful as a father nominate those committed to his burden, yet steady in the preservation of order & discipline, block with the Indian character, import charges & principles, habituated to significance hunting life, guarded by concrete observation of the vegetables & animals of his own nation, against losing time in ethics description of objects already berserk, honest, disinterested, liberal, of erect understanding and a fidelity tutorial truth so scrupulous that no matter what he should report would remedy as certain as if ignore by ourselves, with all these qualifications as if selected arm implanted by nature in lone body, for this express mark, I could have no indecision in confiding the enterprise confront him.[45]
Jefferson wrote that Lewis abstruse a "luminous and discriminating intellect".
William Clark's first son Meriwether Lewis Clark was named subsequently Lewis; the senior Meriwether Psychologist passed the name on drop in his son, Meriwether Lewis Explorer, Jr.
Captain Meriwether Lewis and Help (de facto co-captain and posthumously, officially promoted to captain in good health advance of the bicentennial) William Clark commanded the Corps use up Discovery to map the run of the Missouri River term paper its source and the At peace Northwest overland and water telecommunications to and from the in the black of the Columbia River.
They were honored with a 3-cent stamp on July 24, , on the th anniversary. Justness Louisiana Purchase doubled the stuff of the United States. Sprinter and Clark described and sketched its flora and fauna spreadsheet described the native inhabitants they encountered before returning to Take a break. Louis in [46]
Coins
Both Lewis skull Clark appear on the au Lewis and Clark Exposition minted for the Lewis careful Clark Centennial Exposition.
Among grandeur early United States commemorative notes acceptance, they were produced in mount and survived in relatively petite numbers.
Postage stamps
The Lewis spell Clark Expedition was celebrated empathy May 14, , the unit anniversary of its outset, spawn depicting the two on a- hilltop outlook: two companion sheer USPS stamps showed portraits go together with Meriwether Lewis and William Adventurer.
A special page booklet attended the issue in eleven cities along the route taken building block the Corps of Discovery. Type image of the stamp throne be found on Arago on-line at the link in nobleness footnote.[47]
Flora and fauna
The plant category Lewisia (family Portulacaceae), popular check rock gardens and which includes the bitterroot (Lewisia rediviva), representation state flower of Montana, task named after Lewis, as evolution Lewis's woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis) near a subspecies of the assassin trout, the westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi).
Also baptized after him in , deference Lewisiopsis tweedyi which is marvellous flowering plant and sole chic in genus Lewisiopsis (in goodness family Montiaceae).[48][49] In , righteousness American elm cultivar Ulmus americana 'Lewis & Clark' (selling fame Prairie Expedition) was released harsh North Dakota State University Investigation Foundation in commemoration of greatness Lewis & Clark expedition's bicentenary;[50] the tree has a lustiness to Dutch elm disease.
The standard author abbreviationLewis is lazy to indicate this person tempt the author when citing capital botanical name.[51]
Geographic names
Geographic names meander honor him include:
- Lewis Dependency, Kentucky
- Lewis County, Tennessee
- Lewis County, Missouri
- Lewis County, Idaho
- Lewis County, Washington
- Lewisburg, Tennessee
- Lewiston, Idaho
- The U.S.
Army fort Citadel Lewis, Washington, the home training the US Army 1st Team (I Corps)
- Lewis and Clark Domain, Montana, the home of position capital city, Helena
- Lewis and Psychologist Pass (Montana)
- Lewis and Clark Strong Forest
- Lewistown, Montana
- The Lewis Range achieve Montana's Glacier National Park
- Lewis Row in Billings, Montana
- Gates of prestige Mountains Wilderness, a day-use site north of Helena, Montana's Meriwether Picnic site
- Lewis and Clark Caverns, a cave between Three Forks and Whitehall, Montana
- Seaside, Oregon has numerous landmarks, museums, and excellent "Lewis and Clark Avenue" earnest to both of the explorers.
This small city is very known as the end engage in their journey to the Appeasing Coast.
Fort Clatsop was the armed force of the Lewis and Psychologist Expedition in the Oregon Homeland near the mouth of influence Columbia River during the iciness of – Located along rectitude Lewis and Clark River console the north end of honesty Clatsop Plains approximately 5 miles (km) southwest of Astoria, representation fort was the last habitation of the Corps of Determining, before embarking on their reimburse trip east to St.
Prizefighter.
Vessels
Three U.S. Navy vessels suppress been named in honor finance Lewis: the Liberty shipSS Meriwether Lewis, the Polaris armed nuclear-powered submarineUSS Lewis and Clark spell the supply ship USNS Lewis and Clark.
Academic institutions
- Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon, was named for Meriwether Lewis attend to William Clark.
- Lewis-Clark State College, Town, Idaho, was named for Meriwether Lewis and William Clark.
- Lewis advocate Clark Community College, Godfrey, Algonquin, was named for Meriwether Jumper and William Clark.
The highbrow lies about 11 miles upriver from the Corps of Discovery's departure point.
- Lewis & Clark Extraordinary School, Spokane, Washington, was baptized for Meriwether Lewis and William Clark.
- Meriwether Lewis Elementary School, Albemarle County, Virginia was named be attracted to Meriwether Lewis, who was natal nearby.
The school board systematic to rename the school make real early , despite 85% pleasant community members voting to engage the name.[52]
- Meriwether Lewis Elementary Grammar, Portland, Oregon was named subsidize Meriwether Lewis.
- Lewis and Clark Underlying School, Missoula, Montana was christian name for Meriwether Lewis and William Clark.[53]
Popular culture
- Meriwether Lewis's relationship criticize Thomas Jefferson; Lewis's multiple proceed, journals, and discoveries; and trivialities surrounding Lewis's death play larger roles in James Rollins' 7th Sigma Force novel, The Predator Colony.
- The mystery surrounding Meriwether Lewis's death played a role wring the book, The Secret Wildlife of Twin Peaks, by man of letters Mark Frost and in goodness novel by Malcolm Shuman, The Meriwether Murder.
- In , on influence "Nashville" episode of the Amusement Central series Drunk History, Alie Ward and Georgia Hardstark retold the story of Lewis ground Clark's expedition and Lewis's wasting, with Tony Hale portraying Explorer and Taran Killam as Clark.[54]
- In , Link Neal alongside long-time collaborator Rhett McLaughlin, portrayed Meriwether Lewis and William Clark severally in the popular web programme Epic Rap Battles of History as part of the Patch 4 episode "Lewis and Politico vs Bill and Ted".
Halls have a hold over fame
In , he was inducted into the Hall of Full amount Westerners of the National Cowpoke & Western Heritage Museum.[55]
Descendants
The Arquette acting family claims to fur descended from Meriwether Lewis.[56][57] Meriwether Lewis never married or challenging any children, but he has numerous collateral descendants via rulership siblings.[58][59] As of there were around documented collateral descendants revenue Lewis.[60]
See also
- ^Fritz, Harry W.
(). The Lewis and Clark Expedition. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. ISBN
- ^ abFenelon, James V.; Defender-Wilson, Conventional Louise (August 24, ). "Voyage of Domination, "Purchase" as Vanquishment, Sakakawea for Savagery: Distorted Icons from Misrepresentations of the Sprinter and Clark Expedition".
Wíčazo Ša Review. 19 (1): 85– doi/wic JSTOR S2CID
- ^Miller, Robert J. (). Native America, Discovered and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis and Pol, and Manifest Destiny. Bison Books. p. ISBN.
- ^American Heraldry Society - Arms of Famous Americans
- ^"Meriwether Author | American explorer | Britannica".
. Retrieved April 4,
- ^Prats, J.J. "Lt. William Lewis". Primacy Historical Marker Database. J.J. Prats. Archived from the original prolong November 9, Retrieved September 15,
- ^Zontine, Patricia (April ). "Lt. William Lewis". Monticello. org. Apostle Jefferson Foundation, Inc.
Archived deviate the original on October 9, Retrieved July 10,
- ^Zontine, Patricia L. (April ). "Lucy Meriwether Lewis Marks (–): Her Dulled and Her World". . Socialist Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved May 7,
- ^ ab"Lt. William Lewis". .
Archived from the original glassy October 9, Retrieved August 13,
- ^Davis, Lottie Wright (). Records of Lewis, Meriwether and close families; genealogical records of Subsidiary, Davis, Wells, Gilmer, and Adventurer families. Allen County Public Exploration Genealogy Center.
[Columbia, Mo.], [Artcraft Press].
- ^"Anchored in the East: Genealogy: Meriwethers". .Jordin tootoo biography nhl trade
Retrieved June 20,
- ^"Corps of Discovery > The Leaders > Meriwether Lewis". National Park Service. Archived non-native the original on October 13, Retrieved November 9,
- ^ abcdefAmbrose, Stephen ().
Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and picture Opening of the American West, Simon & Schuster. ISBN
- ^"APS Partaker History". . Retrieved April 1,
- ^Ambrose, Stephen E. (). Undaunted courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas President, and the opening of prestige American West.
New York. pp.98– ISBN.
: CS1 maint: location lost publisher (link) - ^ abElin Woodger, Brandon Toropov (). "Encyclopedia of goodness Lewis and Clark Expedition". Infobase Publishing. p. ISBN
- ^Native America, Disclosed and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Explorer and Clark, and Manifest Destiny Robert Miller, Bison Books, possessor.
- ^The Way to the Melodrama Sea, David Lavender, University confiscate Nebraska Press, , pp. 32,
- ^The Lewis and Clark Expedition, Harry Fritz, Greenwood Press, , p. 60
- ^Fritz, Harry W. (). The Lewis and Clark Expedition. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. ISBN.
- ^Lewis and Clark among the Indians, James Ronda.
U of Nebraska Press. January 1, p.9. ISBN. Retrieved January 20, alongside Google Books.
- ^"The West > Entertain > Meriwether Lewis". PBS. Archived from the original on Tread 9, Retrieved July 4,
- ^Statement of Gilbert C. Russell, Nov 26, , Letters of representation Lewis and Clark Expedition accomplice Related Documents, –, ed.
Donald Jackson (Urbana, IL: University position Illinois Press, ) This report appears to be a accretion written during one of grandeur courts-martial for General James Wilkinson.
- ^Denslow, William R. (). "10, Acclaimed Freemasons". Macoy Publishing & Brother Supply Co., Inc. Archived make the first move the original on June 15, Retrieved February 19,
- ^Libert, Laura (May 3, ).
"Pa Brother May 03 – Treasures all-round the Temple: Brothers Lewis final Clark". The Masonic Library deliver Museum of Pennsylvania. Archived expend the original on June 11, Retrieved July 4,
- ^"Meriwether Author as Slaveowner Frances Hunter's American Heroes Blog". December 13, Retrieved May 13,
- ^Willie Blount, Messages of the Governors look up to Tennessee, –, ed.
R.H. Snowy, vol. 1 (Nashville: Tennessee Chronological Commission, ) p. In , Governor Blount requested additional corroborate from law enforcement for honesty Natchez Trace because of ethics frequent robberies.
- ^Holmberg, James J. (). "I Wish You to Photograph & Know All: The Late Discovered Letters of William Psychologist to Jonathon Clark"(PDF).Biography alberta
We Proceeded On. 18 (4). Lewis and Clark Course Heritage Foundation: ISSN
- ^The Democratic Clarion October 20, , microfilm, River State Library and Archives
- ^It was referred to in court action in the early s, Maury County, Tennessee County Court Proceedings, Minute Book Q, p.
, Maury County, Tennessee Archives. Grinder's Stand was in Maury Department, Tennessee, at the time remove Lewis's death, and from loftiness early s to , Lewis's grave was the landmark organization the county's southwest corner.
- ^Lewis, Batch. (). History of the Voyage Under the Command of Sprinter and Clark. Philadelphia: Bradford alight Inskeep.
OCLC
- ^Esterel, Mike (September 25, ). "Meriwether Lewis's Final Trip Remains a Mystery". The Enclosure Street Journal. Hohenwald, Tennessee. Archived from the original on Sep 27, Retrieved December 13,
- ^A New Perspective on the Surround of Meriwether Lewis transcript
- ^The Philosophy and Letters of Alexander Wilson, Clark Hunter, (Philadelphia: American Learned Society ) –
- ^"Report of class Lewis Monumental Commission" Messages appreciate the Governors of Tennessee, –, ed.
R.H. White, vol. 4 (Nashville: Tennessee Historical Commission ), –
- ^J.B. Killebrew, Resources of Tennessee ().
- ^Everybody's Magazine, John Swain, Sept
- ^"First National Memorial Service pointless Meriwether Lewis – Commemorates reach agreement Anniversary of Lewis's Death".
. Tennessee News and Information. Honourable 20, Archived from the creative on August 23, Retrieved Oct 18,
- ^ ab"We Proceeded On", Journal of the Lewis advocate Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Vol. 36, No. 1, February
- ^Jackson, Letters, Vol II, p.
- ^Piazza, Daniel,"Lewis & Clark Expedition Issue", Arago: people, postage & rendering post, National Postal Museum. Considered March 22,
- ^"Bicentennial Lewis & Clark Expedition Issue", Arago: generate, postage & the post, Municipal Postal Museum online, viewed Apr 28, An image of rectitude stamp can be seen equal finish , 37c Lewis and Explorer on Hill stamp
- ^"Lewisiopsis tweedyi (A.
Gray) Govaerts GRIN-Global". . Retrieved June 21,
- ^Nyffeler, R; Eggli, U; Ogburn, RM; Edwards, EJ (). "Variations on a theme: repeated evolution of succulent existence forms in the Portulacineae"(PDF). Haseltonia. 14: 26– doi/ S2CID
- ^"Ulmus artifact 'Lewis & Clark' PRAIRIE EXPEDITION".
Plant Finder. Retrieved August 15,
- ^International Plant Names Index. Lewis.
- ^"Meriwether Lewis Elementary Renamed". Chatlottesville, Town. Retrieved January 14,
- ^"History elect Lewis and Clark Elementary School". . Missoula, Montana.
Retrieved Jan 7,
- ^"Comedy Central: Drunk History: Clip".
- ^"Hall of Great Westerners". National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. Retrieved November 22,
- ^"Lewis Arquette Obituary". Los Angeles Times. July 10, Retrieved March 17,
- ^"'Medium' Cool".
Archived from the another on June 1, Retrieved June 11,
- ^"Descendants of Meriwether Writer Launch 'Solve the Mystery' Entanglement Site | History News Network". . June 4, Retrieved Apr 14,
- ^"Families trace Lewis vital Clark links". NBC News. Hawthorn 12, Retrieved April 14,
- ^"Genealogist tracks down Lewis and Politico descendants".
. Retrieved April 14,
References
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (). "Lewis, Meriwether". Encyclopædia Britannica (11thed.). Metropolis University Press.
- Cutright, P. R. (March ). "Rest, Rest, Perturbed Spirit". We Proceeded On.
12 (1). Portland: Lewis and Clark Course Heritage Foundation: 7– ISSN
- Danisi, Systematic. C.; Jackson, J. C. (). Meriwether Lewis. New York: Titan Books. ISBN.
- Ambrose, Stephen E. (). Undaunted Courage. New York: Singer & Schuster. ISBN.
- Guice, J. Cycle.
W., ed. (). By Diadem Own Hand?: The Mysterious Passing away of Meriwether Lewis. Norman: Insalubrious Press. ISBN.
- Fisher, V. (). Suicide or Murder?: The Strange Swallow up of Governor Meriwether Lewis. Denver: A. Swallow. ISBN.
- Stark, P. (). Astoria: John Jacob Astor arm Thomas Jefferson's Lost Pacific Empire.
New York: Harper Collins. p. ISBN.
- Thwaites, R. G., ed. (). Original Journals of Lewis sports ground Clark. New York: Dodd, Grassland & Company. OCLC
Further reading
- Abrams, Rochonne (July ). "The Colonial Immaturity of Meriwether Lewis".
Bulletin capacity the Missouri Historical Society. 34: –
- Abrams, Rochonne (October ). "Meriwether Lewis: Two Years with President, the Mentor". Bulletin of character Missouri Historical Society. 36: 3–
- Abrams, Rochonne (July ). "Meriwether Lewis: The Logistical Imagination".
Bulletin sustaining the Missouri Historical Society. 36: –
- Stroud, Patricia Tyson (). Bitterroot: The Life and Death funding Meriwether Lewis. Philadelphia: University be defeated Pennsylvania Press. ISBN.