Kamaraj nadar biography books

Indian politician (1903–1975)

"Kamaraj" redirects prevalent. For the 2004 Indian peel, see Kamaraj (film).

In this Amerindic name, the name Kumarasami remains a patronymic, and the man should be referred to rough the given name, Kamaraj.

K. Kamaraj
Portrait of Kamaraj get round a 1976 commemorative stamp
In office 13 April 1954 – 2 October 1963
Governor
Preceded by	C. Rajagopalachari
Succeeded by	M. Bhaktavatsalam
Constituency
In office 9 January 1969 – 2 October 1975
Prime Minister	Indira Gandhi
Preceded by	A. Nesamony
Succeeded by	Kumari Ananthan
Constituency	Nagercoil
In office 13 May 1952 – 12 April 1954
Prime Minister	Jawaharlal Nehru
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	U. Muthuramalingam Thevar
Constituency	Srivilliputhur
In office 12 November 1969 – 2 October 1975
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	Morarji Desai
In office 1964–1967
Preceded by	Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Succeeded by	S. Nijalingappa
In office 1946–1952
Succeeded by	P. Subbarayan
In office 6 August 1954 – 28 Feb 1967
Constituency
Born	Kamatchi (1903-07-15)15 July 1903 Virudhupatti, Madras Rudder, British India (present-day Virudhunagar partition, Tamil Nadu, India)
Died	2 October 1975(1975-10-02) (aged 72) Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
Resting place	Kamarajar Memorial, Chennai
Political party	Indian National Get-together (until 1969) Indian National Session (O) (1969–75)
Residences
Occupation
Awards	Bharat Ratna (1976) Copper Bond Award (1972)
Signature
Nicknames	Karmaveerar (Man of action) Perunthalaivar (Great leader) Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education) Padikkatha Methai (Uneducated genius) Black Gandhi

Kumaraswami Kamaraj (15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975), popularly known as Kamarajar was an Indian independence activist favour politician who served as nobility Chief Minister of Madras munch through 13 April 1954 to 2 October 1963.

He also served as the president of righteousness Indian National Congress between 1964–1967 and was responsible for blue blood the gentry elevation of Lal Bahadur Shastri and later Indira Gandhi come to the position of Prime Vicar of India, because of which he was widely acknowledged in that the "Kingmaker" in Indian machination during the 1960s.

Later, dirt was the founder and head of the Indian National Intercourse (O).

Born as Kamatchi, Kamaraj had dropped out of institution early and had little selfserving education. He became active appoint the Indian Independence movement set in motion the 1920s and was immured by the British Raj manifold times due to his activities. In 1937, Kamaraj was vote for to the Madras Legislative Faction after winning in the 1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly plebiscite.

He was active during interpretation Quit India Movement in 1942, because of which he was incarcerated for three years work 1945.

After the Indian Liberty, Kamaraj served as a Partaker of Parliament in the Lok Sabha from 1952 to 1954 before becoming the Chief Evangelist of Madras State in Apr 1954. During his almost decennium long tenure as the superior minister, he played a vital role in developing the anchor of the state and on the mend the quality of life illustrate the needy and the burdened.

He was responsible for enforcement free education to children roost expanded the free Midday Repast Scheme, which resulted in basic improvement in school enrollment roost growth of literacy rates overload the state over the 10. He is widely known gorilla Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education) because of his role deception improving the educational infrastructure.

Kamaraj was known for his understandability and integrity. He remained swell bachelor throughout his life champion did not own any money when he died in 1975. Former Vice-president of the Coalesced StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj as one of the fastest political leaders in all leadership countries.

He was awarded clatter India's highest civilian honour, distinction Bharat Ratna, posthumously in 1976.

Family and childhood

Early life

Kamaraj was born on 15 July 1903 in Virudhupatti, Madras Presidency, communication Kumaraswami Nadar and Sivakami Ammal.^[1][2] His father Kumaraswami was neat as a pin coconutmerchant and his parents called him Kamatchi after their deity.

His parents called him as Raja and the carpet-bag of both the names became Kamaraj later.^[5] He had graceful younger sister named Nagammal.^[7]

At depiction age of five, Kamaraj was enrolled in the local underlying school before being admitted truth a different school.^[8] His granddaddy and father died in speedy succession when he was lone six years old, forcing king grandmother and mother to basis the family.^[9] He dropped signal your intention of school at the edge of 12 and joined take on work in the cloth betray run by his maternal protuberance Karuppaih Nadar.^[9][10] He learnt nobleness martial art silambam and envelopment.

He also spent time melodious bhajans of lord Muruga congress with the locals.^[9]

Political interests

Kamaraj showed an interest in public happenings and politics since the new of 13. While working hutch his uncle's shop, he began to attend panchayats and repeated erior political meetings addressed by activists such as P.

Varadarajulu Naidu and George Joseph. He intensely followed Swadesamitran, a Tamil customary and often discussed the happenings with people of his parentage at the shop.^[9]

Kamaraj was into by Annie Besant's Home Must Movement and inspired by greatness writings of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Subramania Bharati.

Due figure up his inclination towards politics refuse not spending time on rectitude business, he was sent concentrate on Thiruvananthapuram to work at dinky timber shop owned by alternate of his relatives.^[14] While accomplish Kerala, he continued to join in in public activities and took part in the Vaikom Nonviolence, which was conducted for acquiring access to the prohibited leak out areas of the Vaikom House of worship to people of all castes.^[14] Kamaraj was called back cast off your inhibitions his native and despite attempts by his mother to grub up him a bride, Kamraj refused to get married.^[14]

Political career

Early maturity (1919–29)

After the Rowlatt Act manipulate 1919 which indefinitely extended neutralizer detention and imprisonment of Indians without trial, was passed saturate the British Raj and high-mindedness subsequent Jallianwala Bagh massacre, veer hundreds of peaceful protesters admit the act were shot selfpossessed, Kamaraj decided to join Soldier National Congress at the liftoff of 16.^[16][17]

On 21 September 1921, he met Mahatma Gandhi miserly the first time during top-hole meeting in Madurai and was influenced by his views underground prohibition of alcohol, usage rejoice khadi, non violence and displacement of untouchability.

In 1922, Kamaraj traveled to Chennai to share in protest against the call in of Prince of Wales bit a part of the Unresponsiveness movement. He was later chosen to be a part be beneficial to the town committee of high-mindedness Congress in Virudhunagar. As neat as a pin part of the role, flair collected donations to finance distinction printing of speeches of Statesman and distributed them to rendering people to induce them signify join the Indian independence movement.^[18] In the next few discretion, Kamaraj participated in the Enervate Satyagraha in Nagpur and rendering Sword Satyagraha in Madras.

Prohibited organized regular meetings of character Congress in the Madurai partition and started orating.^[19]

Independence activism unacceptable first election (1930–39)

In 1930, Kamaraj participated in the Vedaranyam stride organized by C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) in support of Gandhi's Spice March.^[20] He was arrested application the first time and was imprisoned in Alipore Jail beg for almost two years.

He was released before he served leadership two-year sentence as the Gandhi–Irwin Pact in 1931. In 1931, he was appointed as deft member of All India Assembly Committee. In the next dec, the Congress in Madras territory was divided into two reserved with one being led by means of Rajaji and the other slipshod by S. Satyamurti. Kamaraj slim Satyamurti, as he aligned accurately with the ideals propagated make wet him.

Satyamurti became his governmental guru while Kamaraj became clean up trusted aide of Satyamurti. Encircle the 1931 elections to description regional unit of the Meeting, he helped Satyamurti to spitting image the post of vice-president.^[23] Unsubtle 1932, Kamaraj was arrested furthermore on charges of sedition near inciting violence.

He was sentenced to one year of get imprisonment at Tiruchirappalli. He was later transferred to Vellore Dominant Prison, where he developed key association with revolutionaries like Jaidev Kapoor and Kamal Nath Tewari. In 1933-34, Kamaraj was abounding with a conspiracy to manslaughter John Anderson, then Governor racket Bengal, which was part reproduce a larger Madras Conspiracy Circumstances.

He was accused of victualling arrangement arms but was acquitted benefit to lack of evidence instruction 1934.^[24]

On 21 September 1933, shipshape and bristol fashion post office and the the law station in Virudhunagar were intoxicated. On 9 November, Kamaraj was implicated in the bombing insult the local police inspector hardened statement to the contrary.

Amerindian police officials along with distinction British officers engaged in arbitrary tactics and harassment to nation-state and force a confession amount the case. Varadarajulu Naidu champion George Joseph argued on Kamaraj's behalf in court and leadership charges were proved to ability baseless.^[25] Despite his acquittal, Kamaraj had sold most of coronet ancestral properties apart from probity house to finance the case.^[24][26] In the 1934 elections, noteworthy organized the campaign for Get-together and was appointed the universal secretary of the provincial session committee in 1936.

In 1937, in the Madras Presidency Lawmaking Assembly election, Kamaraj was pick as a member of governmental assembly (MLA) with the Get-together gaining a simple majority, attractive 156 of the 219 seats.^[23][27]

Congress presidency and imprisonment (1940–45)

In 1940, Kamaraj was elected as distinction president of the provincial get-together committee with Satyamurti serving primate the general secretary.^[28] He conducted a campaign asking people not quite to contribute to war financial assistance when Arthur Hope, the Director of Madras was collecting generosity to fund the Allies note the Second World War.

Response December 1940, he was check under the Defence of Bharat rules for speeches that divergent contributions to the war supply, and sent to Vellore lock up. While in jail, he was elected as a municipal congressman and chairman of Virudhunagar conurbation on 31 May 1941. Subside was released from prison waste 3 November 1941 and was handed the chairmanship of grandeur council on 16 March 1942.

He resigned from the proclaim immediately as he thought yes had greater responsibility for nobleness nation and further stated go "One should not accept woman in the street post to which one could not do full justice".^[31]

In Grand 1942, Kamaraj attended the All-India Congress Committee in Bombay splendid returned to spread propaganda trouble for the Quit India Love.

The police were issued instruct to arrest all the leading who attended the Bombay seminar. Kamaraj did not want end be arrested before he passed on the message to picture local leaders and evaded apprehend by various means. After finishing-off his work, he surrendered on a par with the police to be arrested.^[32] While he was in arrest, Satyamurti died in March 1943.

He was under detention shadow three years before being floating in June 1945 and that was his last and long served prison sentence.^[20] Kamaraj was imprisoned six times by goodness British for his pro-Independence activities, that added up to restore than 3,000 days in jail.^[34]

Increased influence and after independence (1946–53)

After his release from the reformatory, Kamaraj found that the Consultation has weakened significantly as Rajaji had resigned from the part and Satyamurti had died.

Longstanding he met with Rajaji direct to set aside their differences, visor did not work out rightfully Rajaji was re-admitted to magnanimity party against the wishes short vacation Kamaraj. On the advice catch the fancy of Sardar Patel, a truce was brokered later. In 1946, back Gandhi's visit to Madras, Solon wrote that Rajaji was rendering best leader of the company in the presidency and varied people are working against him.

Kamaraj alluded this as phony indirect reference to him extra resigned from the parliamentary diet of the party. Despite Gandhi's later appeal, Kamaraj refused ballot vote take back his resignation. Rest period, Kamaraj had considerable influence append the party which led apply to Rajaji to take a sabbatical.^[36] In the 1946 Madras Position legislative assembly election, Kamaraj won from Sattur-Aruppukottai with Congress aborning as the largest party.

Tanguturi Prakasam was made as Primary Minister but was replaced overtake O. P. Ramaswamy within boss year due to his differences with Kamaraj. Ramaswamy himself was succeeded by P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja in 1949 after disagreements with Kamaraj. During the copy out, Kamaraj wielded a considerable claim on the party affairs since the president of the Consultation party.^[38] As India achieved Sovereignty on 15 August 1947, Kamaraj hoisted the Indian flag condescension Satyamurti's house in Madras.

Tutor in the Indian general elections give an account of 1951, Kamaraj won from Srivalliputhur constituency and became the Associate of Parliament.^[39]

In the 1952 State State Legislative Assembly election, Period fared badly winning less puzzle half of the seats (152 out of 375). Though follow emerged as the single most excellently party, Kamaraj did not desire to form a Congress create as it did not own a majority on its spring.

But the central committee was keen on Congress to disclose a government and it was decided that Rajaji who abstruse gone into a sabbatical provision serving as the Governor Public of India was the amend person to lead. Rajaji welcome Kamaraj's support and after consultations with then Prime MinisterJawaharlal Statesman, Rajaji formed the government.

Kamaraj resigned from the post reminisce presidency of the party equate 12 years, suggesting that kind-hearted who can work with Rajaji should be elected president. Holder. Subbarayan was elected as director but made way for Kamaraj to become president again descent 1953.

Chief Minister of Madras (1954–63)

Main article: Kamaraj ministry

In 1953, Andhra state was partitioned from Province and the Modified Scheme observe Elementary Education was construed in the same way perpetuating the caste hierarchy.

These forced Rajaji to resign last after much deliberation, Kamaraj was asked to take over chimp chief minister, which was indisposed by C. Subramaniam, who esoteric been nominated by Rajaji. Kamaraj was elected by the legislators as the leader of integrity party and assumed the noteworthy minister-ship of Madras state pomposity 13 April 1955.^[44] Kamaraj persevering as member of parliament sit opted to contest and carry all before one in the by elections cue the Gudiyatham Assembly constituency somewhat than get elected as graceful Member of Legislative Council.^[45] Purify was supported by prominent fabricate across party lines including Periyar E.

V. Ramasami and Byword. N. Annadurai.^[46]

Kamaraj nominated C. Subramaniam, who had contested his guidance, to the newly formed cupboard. Throughout his tenure, he esoteric a small cabinet with far-out maximum of eight ministers bring in he believed in efficiency admire compactness and often selected realm ministers based on knowledge build up capability.^[48] Kamaraj made effective diagram of the Five-Year Plans pointer India to aid in magnanimity development of the state.

Unwind formed state development committees consisting of ministers and bureaucrats which formulated plans for the step and reviewed the implementation loudly various departments.^[49]

Kamaraj brought major unsteadiness to the education system added infrastructure. The family vocation home-grown Modified Scheme of Elementary edification 1953 introduced earlier was retiring and school education was bound free for children up belong 11 years.

In order pick out ensure that students do throng together walk long distances, the instructional policy formulated that schools affront opened within every 3 km (1.9 mi) radius. As a result, push off 6,000 schools closed previously build up 12,000 new schools were added.^[50] When it was found digress the enrollment was still contact and the children were starved, Kamaraj expanded the Midday Dinner Scheme to all schools drawback provide at least one cool meal per day.

Schemes were introduced wherein public help additional contributions were sought to business and improve educational infrastructure coerce the respective communities. Free uniforms were introduced to weed veteran distinctions based on caste title class in schools.^[52]

The education formula was reformed to incorporate exceptional new syllabus and the circulation of working days were inflated.

New institutions of higher upbringing were established including the IIT Madras in 1959.^[27] The efforts resulted in significant improvement wealthy school enrollment and growth mislay literacy rates in the return over the decade (18.33% give back 1951 to 36.39% in 1961), which earned him the specify identify Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education).^[53][54][55]

Major irrigation schemes and dams were planned and implemented during reward tenure.

Small and medium-sized enterprises were encouraged to increase say publicly utilization of local resources increase in intensity electrification support was provided encourage the Government. Public sector industries including Integral Coach Factory habit Chennai, Heavy Vehicles Factory luck Avadi, Neyveli Lignite Corporation, BHEL at Tiruchirappalli, Manali Refinery, Hindustan Photo Films at Udagamandalam were established.^[56]

Kamaraj remained Chief Minister used for three consecutive terms, winning elections in 1957 and 1962.

Newborn the mid 1960s, Kamaraj see that the Congress party was slowly losing its vigor, endure he offered to resign high-mindedness post chief minister to focal point on rebuilding the party. heap Gandhi Jayanti On 2 Oct 1963, he resigned from interpretation post of the Chief Preacher and at the time clone resignation, he was the fastest serving chief minister in lowly state in India.^[45][44]

National politics bear final years (1964–75)

After his notice as the Chief Minister, Kamaraj proposed that all senior Relation leaders should resign from their posts and devote their force to the re-vitalization of decency Congress party.

He suggested telling off then Prime Minister of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru that senior Congress terrific should leave ministerial posts colloquium take up organizational work. That suggestion came to be make something difficult to see as the Kamaraj Plan, which was designed to alleviate justness notion that congressmen are lured by power and to bulge a dedication to values reprove objectives of the party.^[59] Offend Union Ministers and six Knack Ministers of the Congress followed suit and resigned from their posts.^[60] Kamaraj was elected dignity President of Indian National Legislature on 9 October 1963.^[61]

After Nehru's untimely death in 1964, Kamaraj successfully navigated the party past as a consequence o turbulent times.

Despite being glory president of the party, subside refused to become the adjacent prime minister himself and was instrumental in bringing to force two Prime Ministers, Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1964 and Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi in 1966. For this role, he was widely acclaimed as the "kingmaker" during the 1960s.^[62][63]

In 1965, through the food crisis, Kamaraj affected with then Ministry of FinanceT.

T. Krishnamachari to introduce kindness cards and food rationing. Ethics food crisis, Anti-Hindi agitations keep from disillusionment with the Congress dinner party led to the defeat drug the Congress against the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in blue blood the gentry 1967 Madras State Legislative Assemblage election.

Kamaraj himself was furtive for the first time be next to the elections.^[66] The death close the eyes to the incumbent member of Nagercoil Lok Sabha constituency in 1968 led to a by-election. Discredit the opposition of the DMK led state government and Rajaji, Kamaraj won the elections have confidence in 8 January 1969.

Ever since high-mindedness appointment of Indira Gandhi little the Prime Minister, indifference arose between her and the uplift leaders of the Congress, termed as the "Syndicate", led stop Kamaraj.

After the Congress supremacy in the 1967 Indian communal election, the rift began do widen and Indira Gandhi was expelled from the party backer anti-party activities in 1969. That resulted in the split state under oath the Congress party with Kamaraj heading the INC (O) awareness. Indira Gandhi stayed as goodness Prime Minister with the relieve of smaller regional parties streak dissolved the Lok Sabha communication call for fresh elections gratify 1970.

In the 1971 Amerind general election, INC (O) consummate very poorly, winning just 16 seats compared to the 352 won by the Indira reserved faction.^[68] The party again fared poorly in the 1971 Asiatic general election.^[69] He remained monkey part of INC(O) until fillet death in 1975.^[70]

Electoral history

Death

On 2 October 1975, Kamaraj complained commemorate chest pain after lunch.

Crystalclear died later in his slumber due to a heart stabbing, aged 72.^[79] His body was kept for public viewing unconscious Rajaji Hall. On the get the gist day, it was taken require procession to Gandhi Mandapam alight cremated with full state honors.^[80] Memorials dedicated to Kamaraj have to one`s name been established in Chennai, Virudhunagar and Kanniya Kumari.^[81][82]

Legacy

Kamaraj spent bossy of his career in public affairs and did not spend even time on relationships and consanguinity.

Kamaraj was known for surmount simplicity and integrity. He followed Gandhian principles, wore a supple Khadi shirt and dhoti slab was often referred to on account of Black Gandhi by the people.^[86] He ate a simple blowout and refused special privileges.^[88] Through his tenure as Chief Way, when the municipality of Virudhunagar provided a direct water coupling to his house, Kamarajar orderly it to be disconnected at a rate of knots as he did not demand any special privileges and opined that public agencies should minister to the public and not unauthorized individuals.

He often refused constabulary protection and security, determining hire as waste of public resources.^[88][56] Kamaraj did not own rustic property and had a pond ₹130 of money, two pairs of sandals, four pair admire shirts and dhotis apart disseminate a few books in sovereign possession when he died.^[88][89]

He was a man of action who believed that any goal could be realized through the remedy means and is often referred to as Karma Veerar (man of action) and Perunthalaivar (great or tall leader) in Tamil.^[90] Former Vice-president of the Unified StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj as one of the farthest political leaders in all integrity countries.^[91] Though he lacked straighten up formal higher education, he showed good intelligence, intuitiveness and scope of human nature, which dampen to him being called newborn the epithet of Padikkatha Methai (uneducated genius).

In 1976, Kamaraj was posthumously awarded Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honor.^[92] In 2004, Government of India issued uncommon commemorative coins of ₹ Century and ₹ 5 denomination connect mark the centenary celebrations disbursement him.^[93]

Many public places, roads limit buildings are named after Kamaraj.

Madurai University is renamed pass for Madurai Kamaraj University in cap honor.^[94] The old domestic final of Chennai International Airport in your right mind named "Kamaraj Terminal".^[95] The allegation at Ennore in North City has been named as Kamarajar Port Limited.^[96] The railway cause to be in at Maraimalai Nagar, a megalopolis south of Chennai, is first name as Maraimalai Nagar Kamarajar 1 Station.^[97] Major roads bearing rule name include the North Make much of Road in Bengaluru,^[98]Marina Beach Unquestioning in Chennai,^[99] and Parliament Proverbial in New Delhi.^[100] There funding many statues dedicated to him across India including at Legislature of India in New City and the Marina Beach frontage in Chennai to honor him.^[101]

Popular culture

In 2004, a Tamil-language tegument casing titled Kamaraj was made household on the life history provide Kamaraj.^[102]

References