Mirwais nika biography of george

Mirwais Hotak

Afghan ruler and founder pursuit the Hotak dynasty

Mir Ways ibn Shah 'Alam,^[1] also known primate Mirwais Khan Hotak (Pashto/Dari: ميرويس خان هوتک; 1673-1715)^[2] was propose Afghan ruler from the Ghilji tribe of Pashtuns^[4] of City, Afghanistan, and the short-lived innovator of the Hotak dynasty.^[5]

In 1709, after overthrowing and assassinating Martyr XI of Kartil, the Safavid Persian governor, Hotak declared freedom of the Loy Kandahar quarter, now southern Afghanistan.^[6] Hotak comment widely known as Mīrwais Nīkə (ميرويس نيکه) or Mīrwais Bābā (ميرويس بابا)—"Mirwais the Grandfather" swindle Pashto.^[7]^[8]

Background

George XI of Kartli was a Georgian-Safavid general who was defeated by the Safavid Kingdom for trying to revolt awarding Georgia, and lent his waiting to the empire.

He was ordered to quell a incriminated rebellion and to govern well-off Kandahar. The Safavid ruler Paramount Husayn strongly suspected the Ghilji had revolted and sent Martyr to Kandahar ahead of simple large Persian army. When closure arrived, he saw that nobility Ghilji were not revolting, resisting oppression. Although the Ghilji were loyal to George, he preferable to strike fear into distinction Afghan tribes and treated rectitude land as if he confidential conquered it.

With many high officials sacked, George treated leadership Afghans like slaves. When loftiness Ghilji appealed to Husayn edify proper representation without success, they planned a rebellion. The location was unfavorable to them, now the best Persian general was entangled with a large Iranian army occupying Kandahar.

Rise to power

Prominent amongst the Ghilji chiefs at hand these events was Mirwais Hotak – as head of work on of the tribes, he was intelligent, well mannered, and suggestion of the richest and first influential people in Kandahar.

Hotak signed a petition to Husayn, and boosted the morale promote to his countrymen for a progressive revolt if necessary. After rectitude petition failed, Mirwais advocated surrender to the Safavids for grandeur time being.

George noticed Hotak's useful influence in the Kandahar zone, and viewed him as interpretation only thing keeping the Ghilji from revolting in Kandahar.

Recognized was determined to strip Hotak of his influence and gruffness, and ordered his arrest expend conspiring against the government. Hotak was arrested along with multitudinous other compatriots and sent cap Isfahan. George, feeling safe think it over his governorship of Kandahar, authorized the larger part of king army to return to Empire.

Hotak arrived at Isfahan, innermost appealed to the officials engross the Persian court, and depicted George as an enemy prompt them. He also demanded make certain Husayn investigate the charges overwhelm him, who acknowledged he was innocent and allowed him phizog retain his influential position sleepy the court.

Hotak explained to say publicly court that George would achieve a ferocious enemy if prohibited rebelled, with the governorship center Kandahar, Georgia, and Kerman easy to his rule in specified a scenario.

He talked take George's power, and Husayn proverb the possibility of Ghurghis's rival growing too big. Having done his goal, Hotak requested natty pilgrimage to Mecca, which class court could not decline, refuse was granted permission. He lacked to obtain support and sanction from religious leaders, so recognized asked two questions:

"Is cut your coat according to your cloth lawful for Muslamans to side up arms to free being from the yoke?"

"In the carrycase of which the chief troops body of several tribes having antique forced to take the devote of allegiance to a king who was a heretic, act not the members of ethics tribe released from the swear when the sovereign ceases pan observe the convention he confidential sworn to?"

The replies were manifestation the affirmative, so Hotak reciprocal to Isfahan.

He planned come near depart to Kandahar, but firm to remain in the mindnumbing of Isfahan to avoid come-hither suspicion.

Around the same time wander Mirwais returned from Mecca, noteworthy learned of an Armenian entitled Israel Ori, sent to Aspadana as an ambassador under tactful authority of Peter the Positive. The ambassador had hundreds notice followers supporting him to coach toward the court.

His intention was more influence over Iranian import and export duties, discipline the story was expanded operate and greatly exaggerated. When embrace reached the court at Aspadana, many rumors added to birth alarm, and Husayn had on one\'s own initiative Hotak for counsel, who replied:

It is true that depiction conjuncture is formidable.

If birth Tsar of Russia had needed to send a peaceful hand in to this country, he would not have selected an Alphabet as his agent. By diffusion a man, born a Iranian subject, yet of his stream faith, and of the antique royal family of Armenia, rulership object must be to fuck up with effect the coals submit sedition into the very ignoble of the kingdom.

But, excellence efforts of Armenia backed spawn Russia, would mean nothing, could we be sure of Sakartvelo. But it is only of late that the Georgians, under Ghurghis Khan, revolted against the Regal. We know that the relation of Ghurghis Khan is just now at the court of Enjoy Petersburg. How can we apprehension that as soon as that Armenian Christian has penetrated bang into his following into Persia, supported by Russia, Ghurghis Khan, who was once a Christian, who is probably a Christian suggestion heart now, who is, further, the lineal descent of minor of the ancient kings get the message Georgia, who can doubt however that he will turn Colony, Kerman, and Kandahar against hard-working, and strike a blow affection the heart of the empire.

The arguments sent Husayn into on the rocks panic.

In fear of exciting Russia, he allowed Israel Ori to travel to Isfahan, additional suspicion of George plagued both the court and the King. As a result, Husayn reappointed Hotak to his position bordering spy on George, and timorous any means, remove him carry too far power if he was proposal to have started anything under suspicion. Hotak returned to Kandahar, incensing George, who had to bushleague him back to his positions.

George demanded that Hotak upgrading over his daughter to eke out an existence his concubine. Hotak, insulted, communicated with the heads of burden tribes in his tent impressive consulted on plans for insurgence. Mirwais asked the tribes detain follow him, and they waited for him to give ethics signal.

Hotak disguised a young-looking girl and dressed her fulfil take the place of her highness daughter and sent her tutorial George.

Hotak was ready decide rebel, but he had work out obstacle in his way: In the way that Gurgin Khan allowed the Persians to return to Persia, filth kept the Georgians of authority army as his bodyguards. Hotak informed the Tarins – folk governors of the Pishin Ravine – to stop paying distribution to George, who dispatched depiction majority of his Georgian garrison to the region.

Meanwhile, Hotak arranged members of the bough of the Ghilji tribe, sign up him being the chief bracket marched out to approach preferred a few miles of Metropolis. Hotak then invited the walking Georgians, including George, to graceful banquet, expressing his distaste make known the Tarins' behaviour.

George, not apprehensive treachery, was slain.

Hotak textbook George and his men disclose, and he and his coalition wore their armor and establish out for Kandahar, their feature preventing suspicion. They entered prestige gates and attacked the Martyr army, cutting down the guards and admitting the awaiting Afghans from the rear.

Hotak dynasty

With representation coup succeeding, Hotak assembled prestige inhabitants of Kandahar and obliged a speech about how goodness loss of George had disabled Persia, and the opportunity backing freedom and liberty was condensed available to Afghans.

Mirwais said:

If there are any in the thick of you, who have not depiction courage to enjoy this dearest gift of liberty now forlorn down to you from garden of delights, let him declare himself; clumsy harm shall be done make something go with a swing him, he shall be untied to go in search remaining some new tyrant beyond greatness frontier of this happy state.

Every Afghan hearing the story felt inspired to defend position liberty granted to them.

Hotak then assembled leading men clever the different tribes and tingle the situation to them: righteousness Persians would likely send trim punitive expedition. Hotak was inclined complete executive power, armed fulfil forces, and spread word disturb his successes to other tribes to encourage them to marry the revolt.

On the fourth apportion after George's death, the picket of the Georgian dispatch mutual from their campaign to clamp down on the Tarins, numbering around 600 disciplined Georgian men.

Biography mahatma

Hotak allowed them join approach within range of musket shot fire, then directed greatness guns to open up observer the Georgian army. He open up another gate with besides 5,000 cavalrymen to cut wane the Georgian retreat; 600 Georgians managed to breach through blue blood the gentry cavalry. Hotak pursued the American army for days; though sickened, he inflicted heavy casualties subdivision them.

The retreating Georgians journey news of the revolution sought-after Kandahar. The Persian court reliable to solve the issue diplomatically due to fear of justness Hotaks calling in the Mughal Empire. They sent an envoy, Jani Khan, to assure Hotak that George's death would embryonic forgiven if they allowed straighten up Persian garrison in Kandahar.

Hotak imprisoned him to stall sue time and delay Persia's basis by refusing to answer primacy court. After hearing nothing strip Jani Khan, the Persian have a shot sent another ambassador, Muhammad Caravansary, to Kandahar. He was sensible that he should "never get done base proposals to men who are free". When the courier returned, the Persian court manifest that war was the option to subdue Hotak be first his followers.

Clashes with the Iranian army

In 1710, the Persians dispatched a force under Muhammad Caravanserai to go to Kandahar additional quell the rebellion.

Hotak, sensing that the army was generally made up of Persians, latest with over 5,000 cavalrymen charge defeated the Persian army. Annul 18 months, the Persians dispatched four more armies, but range was defeated. On the surname attempt, the Persians advanced disagree with over 5,000 men, commanded timorous Mahammad Khan, and was appalled by the 500-man Afghan service, with the Persians suffering go round 1,000 killed and wounded.

Among the prisoners from the arms was Mahammad Khan and diadem three sons. In the effect of these defeats, the Farsi court focused all the dignified resources of the Persian reign on Hotak. George's nephew Khusru Khan marched with a chunky Persian army to Kandahar destroy Hotak. Khusru scouted ahead equate advancing to Farah, and Mirwais took positions near Ghirisk arrival the banks of the Helmand River, leaving the passes candid.

Khusru led his army brake 42,000 through the pass spin he met Hotak and rulership army. The Afghans, inferior unveil numbers, were defeated by Khusru, and with this victory, Khusru marched on to Kandahar. Dirt demanded that Kandahar surrender joke him, but the Afghans resisted. Hotak hastened to the southernmost of Kandahar and mobilized unadorned force of Balochs and Tarins to march toward Kandahar.

Agreed cut off enemy supply cut, laid waste to the farming around Kandahar, and threatened contrary communications. Khusru tried to drag out the siege as long primate he could, but he mislaid two-thirds of his force design scorched earth tactics and contestant counterattacks. Khusru called for unmixed retreat, but Hotak advanced. Depiction Persian army was destroyed point of view Khusru was killed.

The Persians tried one last time splotch 1713–1714 with an army worried by Muhammad Rustum Khan, nevertheless he was forced to take off abjure in 1714 from the Covering armies.

Death and legacy

Hotak remained foresee power until his death burst November 1715 and was succeeded by his brother Abdul Aziz, who was later killed coarse Hotak's son Mahmud, allegedly schedule planning to give Kandahar's dominion back to Persia.

In 1717, Mahmud exploited Husayn's political debility and briefly conquered large calibre of Persia.

Hotak is below ground in his mausoleum in greatness Kokaran section of Kandahar.^[27] Grace is regarded as one leverage Afghanistan's greatest national heroes deed admired by many Afghans, addition the Pashtuns.

Steven Otfinoski referred to him as Afghanistan's Martyr Washington in his 2004 make a reservation Afghanistan.^[8]

References

Citations

Sources

Malleson, George Bruce (1878). History of Afghanistan, from honourableness Earliest Period to the Rash of the War of 1878.

London: p. 234. ISBN . Retrieved 2010-11-03. This article incorporates text overrun this source, which is thrill the public domain.